中耕时间和深度对大豆光合特性及产量形成的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.15.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对东北北部地区大豆主产区早春低温、保墒能力差,导致单产水平较低等问题,探究玉米大豆轮作模式下不同中耕时间和深度对大豆田土壤温湿度、大豆光合特性指标和产量的影响,为大豆产量稳定提升提供有力支撑。【方法】试验于2019—2020年在黑龙江省鹤山农场进行,采用田间小区试验方法,以当地主栽品种黑河43为试验材料,设置4种不同的中耕处理：常规培土（T1）、提前培土（T2）、常规深松（T3）和提前深松（T4）,研究中耕时间和深度对土壤温湿度、大豆叶面积指数、株高、气体交换参数、光合产物积累与分配和产量的影响。【结果】（1）在相同中耕深度的基础上,提前培土处理（T2）较常规培土处理（T1）,盛花期（R2期）土壤温度和湿度分别提高5.88%—6.54%、3.57%—4.03%（P<0.05）,鼓粒期（R6期）叶面积指数、株高和SPAD值分别提高9.48%—16.86%、5.40%—10.57%、2.39%—6.81%（P<0.05）;与常规深松处理（T3）相比,提前深松处理（T4）显著提高R6期叶面积指数、株高、净光合速率（P_n）籽粒干物质积累量及大豆产量。（2）在相同中耕时间的条件下,与T1处理相比,T3处理R2期土壤温度、湿度和R6期株高分别提高4.14%—6.42%、10.08%—13.19%和7.43%—8.29%（P<0.05）,R5期后干物质积累量和同化贡献率分别提高49.75%和32.95%（P<0.05）;与T2处理相比,T4处理各时期土壤温度、R6期叶面积指数、净光合速率（P_n）、结荚期（R5期）后干物质积累量、同化贡献率和产量均显著增加,其中产量增幅度达5.03%—6.02%（P<0.05）。（3）比较不同中耕措施,与T1处理相比,T4处理R2期土壤温度和湿度分别提高11.68%—17.15%和4.70%—8.66%（P<0.05）,R6期叶面积指数、株高、SPAD分别提高12.64%—27.42%、11.67%—13.50%、5.43%—6.87%（P<0.05）;T2、T3、T4处理提高R6期气体交换参数和大豆产量,其中T4处理净光合速率（Pn）提高14.25%—29.68%（P<0.05）、产量增幅达10.69%—18.71%（P<0.05）。【结论】提前深松处理（T4）能够改善土壤温度和湿度,提高气体交换参数,促进植株净光合产物积累,延缓叶片衰老,提高大豆产量,适宜于东北北部旱作农业区推广应用。

关键词: 中耕, 大豆, 光合特性, 干物质, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】Aiming at the low temperature in early spring and poor moisture retentionability of main soybean producing areas in the northern part of Northeast China, the effects of different intertillage times and depths on soil temperature and humidity, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of soybean field under maize-soybean rotation mode were explored to provide a strong support for the stable improvement of soybean yield. 【Method】The experiment was carried out in Heshan farm, Heilongjiang province from 2019 to 2020. The plot experiment method was adopted, and Heihe 43, the main local cultivator, was used as the test material. Four different intertillage treatments were set up: conventional earthing-up (T1), advanced earthing-up (T2), conventional subsoiling (T3), and advanced subsoiling (T4). The effects of intertillage time and depth on soil temperature and humidity, plant leaf area index and height, gas exchange parameters, accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products and yield of soybean were studied.【Result】(1) On the basis of the same intertillage depth, compared with T1, soil temperature and humidity in flowering stage (R2 stage) under T2 increased by 5.88%-6.54% and 3.57%-4.03% (P<0.05), respectively, and leaf area index, plant height and SPAD values in seed-filling stage (R6 stage) were increased by 9.48%-16.86%, 5.40%-10.57% and 2.39%-6.81% (P<0.05), respectivley. Compared with T3, T4 significantly increased leaf area index, plant height, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), grain dry matter accumulation and soybean yield at R6 stage. (2) Compared with T1, T3 increased soil temperature and humidity in R2 stage by 4.14%-6.42%, 10.08%-13.19% and plant height in R6 stage by 7.43%-8.29% (P<0.05), respectively. After pod-setting stage (R5 stage), dry matter accumulation and assimilation contribution rate increased by 49.75% and 32.95% (P<0.05), respectively. Compared with T2, T4 significantly increased soil temperature, leaf area index at R6 stage, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), dry matter accumulation after R5 stage, assimilation contribution rate and yield, among which the yield increased by 5.03%-6.02% (P<0.05). (3) Compared with T1, T4 increased soil temperature and humidity by 11.68%-17.15% and 4.70%-8.66% in R2 stage (P<0.05), respectively. Leaf area index, plant height and SPAD in R6 stage were increased by 12.64%-27.42%, 11.67%-13.50% and 5.43%-6.87% (P<0.05), respectively. T2, T3 and T4 increased gas exchange parameters and yield in R6 stage, and net photosynthetic rate (P_n) under T4 treatment increased by 14.25%-29.68%, and yield increased by 10.69%-18.71% (P<0.05).【Conclusion】T4 could improve soil temperature and humidity, increase gas exchange parameters, promote plant net photosynthate accumulation, and delay leaf senescence, finally increase soybean yield, which was suitable for the promotion and application of dry farm areas in the north of Northeast China.

Key words: intertillage, soybean, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter, production

原程, 张玉先, 王孟雪, 黄炳林, 辛明强, 尹小刚, 胡国华, 张明聪. 中耕时间和深度对大豆光合特性及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(15): 2911-2926.

YUAN Cheng, ZHANG MingCong, WANG MengXue, HUANG BingLin, XIN MingQiang, YIN XiaoGang, HU GuoHua, ZHANG YuXian. Effects of Intertillage Time and Depth on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield Formation of Soybean[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(15): 2911-2926.

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中耕处理 Intertillage treatment	时期 Stage
中耕处理 Intertillage treatment	播后4—5 d 4-5 days after the broadcast	V2—V3	V4—V5	V6—V7
T1		小培土 Little quantity of earthing-up	中培土 Medium quantity of earthing-up	大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up
T2	小培土 Little quantity of earthing-up		中培土 Medium quantity of earthing-up	大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up
T3		深松25-30 cm Subsoiling 25-30 cm	深松30-35cm+中培土 Subsoiling 30-35 cm and medium quantity of earthing-up	大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up
T4	深松25-30cm Subsoiling 25-30 cm		深松30-35cm+中培土 Subsoiling 30-35 cm and medium quantity of earthing-up	大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up

生育期 Growth stage	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶干重 Dry weight of leaves (kg·hm^-2)	茎干重 Dry weight of stem (kg·hm^-2)	荚皮干重 Dry weight of pod (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒干重 Dry weight of seed (kg·hm^-2)
R2	2019	T1	841.6±28.4b	595.1±20.2d
		T2	998.3±45.3a	799.1±28.2c
		T3	909.5±43.3a	1126.4±22.7a
		T4	1036.9±26.6a	997.7±21.3b
	2020	T1	1128.9±30.2a	944.6±24.4b
		T2	936.8±34.3b	808.5±38.8c
		T3	1009.5±25.4a	1020.1±24.2b
		T4	983.1±16.8ab	1335.8±29.0a
R4	2019	T1	1905.4±23.6c	1300.5±23.5c	1140.5±25.6c
		T2	2051.8±20.0b	1662.8±11.3a	1276.3±18.7a
		T3	1993.6±21.3b	1469.2±12.0b	1224.5±22.5b
		T4	2275.4±18.2a	1647.4±18.6a	1453.1±28.8a
	2020	T1	2326.2±54.5c	1629.5±40.9b	384.1±17.2b
		T2	2609.1±49.6b	1397.9±56.8b	528.4±27.1b
		T3	2586.7±47.6bc	1793.2±50.3b	406.6±20.1b
		T4	2967.5±33.4a	2581.9±56.6a	714.5±22.5a
R6	2019	T1	1767.8±43.5b	1318.9±38.3c	1243.0±14.8c	2225.3±14.8b
		T2	1973.2±39.6a	1645.6±11.2a	1348.6±8.3b	2908.4±19.3a
		T3	1886.4±16.7b	1523.5±14.1b	1318.9±28.8bc	2824.8±24.9b
		T4	2054.9±19.1a	1656.6±40.3a	1496.0±11.5a	2982.1±24.3a
	2020	T1	2068.0±18.3b	2240.7±20.9b	1650.0±14.9b	1128.6±15.7b
		T2	2518.6±31.4a	3960.0±28.9a	3872.9±33.4a	2539.7±41.7a
		T3	2419.5±17.2b	2569.4±36.3b	1770.1±24.6b	1306.1±17.6b
		T4	2724.8±26.8a	3986.4±34.2a	2405.7±29.6b	1822.9±21.0ab
R8	2019	T1		1087.9±53.3d	1162.1±19.6c	2592.1±54.3c
		T2		1346.4±24.0b	941.1±65.5b	3072.3±77.6a
		T3		1183.1±36.7c	1269.4±33.9b	2858.3±43.0b
		T4		1529.0±58.8a	1438.8±12.8a	3106.9±40.8a
	2020	T1		1275.8±11.4a	1334.4±13.4b	2777.4±10.4b
		T2		1374.8±20.5a	2147.5±19.3a	2709.4±20.3b
		T3		1652.6±13.7a	1988.5±14.9a	2779.4±18.9b
		T4		1531.9±15.6a	2174.6±27.0a	2963.2±20.0a

生育期 Growth stage	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶 Leaves (%)	茎 Stem (%)	荚皮 Pod (%)	籽粒 Seed (%)
R2	2019	T1	62.92±0.35a	37.07±0.35b
		T2	64.07±0.81a	35.93±0.81b
		T3	58.62±0.71b	41.37±0.71a
		T4	63.18±1.03a	36.81±1.03b
	2020	T1	52.15±0.24b	47.84±0.24a
		T2	53.39±0.43a	46.61±0.43b
		T3	52.57±0.41b	47.43±0.41a
		T4	53.79±0.27a	46.21±0.27b
R4	2019	T1	47.21±1.82a	28.71±1.54b	24.07±0.35b
		T2	45.06±0.74a	30.57±0.94ab	24.36±0.23b
		T3	39.51±1.33b	32.89±1.49a	27.60±0.25a
		T4	39.59±0.73b	32.16±0.81a	28.25±0.63a
	2020	T1	47.30±0.32a	42.41±0.84b	10.29±0.52c
		T2	42.34±0.18b	41.35±0.48c	16.31±0.36a
		T3	42.58±0.42b	46.20±0.36a	11.22±0.62c
		T4	41.67±0.23c	45.63±0.45a	12.70±0.61b
R6	2019	T1	31.39±0.39a	18.73±0.21c	17.46±0.35b	32.42±0.71c
		T2	27.18±0.77b	19.76±0.39b	16.50±0.46c	36.56±0.90b
		T3	22.42±0.27c	20.49±0.41a	18.11±0.06a	38.96±0.17a
		T4	23.09±0.13c	20.45±0.26a	18.51±0.16a	37.93±0.47a
	2020	T1	26.56±0.31b	32.64±0.19a	24.41±0.46a	16.38±0.10c
		T2	28.25±0.12a	30.60±0.38b	21.05±0.62b	20.10±0.28b
		T3	28.49±0.17a	30.49±0.36b	21.27±0.18b	19.75±0.34b
		T4	25.65±0.18c	30.52±0.37b	21.25±0.22b	22.57±0.11a
R8	2019	T1		22.52±0.46a	24.39±0.38a	53.08±0.39c
		T2		21.36±0.34b	23.59±0.26b	55.05±0.31b
		T3		22.35±0.27a	23.72±0.31b	53.92±0.56c
		T4		21.40±0.21b	21.65±0.15c	56.94±0.27a
	2020	T1		26.55±0.16a	26.48±0.36c	46.97±0.41c
		T2		22.32±0.32c	29.62±0.28a	48.06±0.60b
		T3		25.51±0.17b	26.51±0.38c	47.97±0.40b
		T4		23.28±0.44d	27.62±0.11b	49.09±0.37a

处理 Treatment	阶段积累量 Stage accumulation (t·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	V4-R2	R2-R4	R4-R6	R6-R8
T1	1.54±0.12b	2.59±0.46a	3.44±0.73b	-1.56±0.14a
T2	1.58±0.39b	2.62±0.80a	3.97±1.64a	-1.52±0.23a
T3	1.75±0.11ab	2.67±0.40a	3.47±0.77b	-1.31±0.11a
T4	1.89±0.16a	2.87±0.56a	4.03±1.08a	-1.00±0.21a

处理 Treatment	R5期前积累量 PEA (t·hm^-2)	R5期后积累量 POA (t·hm^-2)	转运贡献率 CTA (%)	同化贡献率 CPA (%)
T1	6.69±0.34b	1.11±0.16b	72.86±0.03a	27.14±1.45b
T2	7.23±0.21b	1.21±0.28b	69.50±0.05b	30.50±1.47b
T3	8.41±0.28a	1.47±0.33a	59.52±0.03a	40.48±2.52a
T4	8.57±0.44a	1.86±0.35a	58.23±0.02b	41.77±2.30a