智能机械化分层施肥对麦田根-土养分分布和小麦产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.01.010

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (1): 129-146.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.01.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

智能机械化分层施肥对麦田根-土养分分布和小麦产量的影响

吕旭东¹^,²(), 孙世媛¹, 李亚楠¹, 刘玉龙¹, 王艳群¹, 付鑫¹, 张佳英¹, 宁鹏³, 彭正萍¹^,²^,^*()

¹ 河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院/河北省农田生态环境重点实验室，河北保定 071001
² 华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室，河北保定 071000
³ 中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京 100193

收稿日期:2025-02-27 接受日期:2025-03-27 出版日期:2026-01-01 发布日期:2026-01-07
通信作者:
彭正萍，E-mail：pengzhengping@sina.com
联系方式: 吕旭东，E-mail：1204410594@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划子课题(2021YFD1901003-08)

Effects of Intelligent Mechanized Layered Fertilization on Root-Soil Nutrient Distribution and Yield in Wheat Fields

LÜ XuDong¹^,²(), SUN ShiYuan¹, LI YaNan¹, LIU YuLong¹, WANG YanQun¹, FU Xin¹, ZHANG JiaYing¹, NING Peng³, PENG ZhengPing¹^,²^,^*()

¹ College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment, Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, Hebei
² National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation in North China, Baoding 071000, Hebei
³ College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193

Received:2025-02-27 Accepted:2025-03-27 Published:2026-01-01 Online:2026-01-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对华北中低产田肥料施用不合理、土壤养分分布不均、肥效低及作物产量低等问题，通过精准施肥提高肥料利用效率，增加小麦产量，改善土壤养分分布状况。【方法】基于前期盆栽和田间小区试验结果，采用田间试验法，利用智能化分层施肥机械在河北省宁晋和曲周县分别设置6个施肥处理：农民习惯施肥（MF1）、常规机械优化氮磷钾肥一层施用（MF2）、智能化机械优化氮磷钾肥两层施用（MF3）、智能化机械优化氮磷肥两层钾肥三层施用（MF4）、智能化机械优化氮钾两层磷肥三层施用（MF5）、智能化机械优化氮肥两层磷钾肥三层施用（MF6），探讨精准施肥对土壤酶活性、土壤速效氮磷钾养分时空供应能力、肥料效率、小麦根系特征及籽粒产量的影响。【结果】分层施肥显著提高了20—40 cm土层的铵态氮、硝态氮和有效磷含量，分别增加5.9%—34.5%、6.4%—25.3%和12.9%—91.0%，同时提高了40—60 cm土层速效钾含量3.9%—38.5%。此外，分层施肥增强了20—40 cm土层过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性，分别提高了10.3%—19.7%、18.4%—31.2%，提高0—60 cm土层磷酸酶活性18.1%—32.9%，并增加20—40 cm土层根系长度13.2%—45.1%、表面积4.4%—36.4%和根体积8.7%—45.3%。分层施肥较优化氮磷钾肥一层施用显著提高氮肥、磷肥、钾肥偏生产力和籽粒产量，两试验区均以MF6处理表现最优。【结论】智能机械化分层施肥是一种高效精准的施肥技术，在协同改善土壤养分时空分布、酶活性和增强小麦根系分布方面优势明显，在生产实践中值得推荐。

关键词: 冬小麦, 智能机械化分层施肥, 土壤氮磷钾养分分布, 土壤酶活性, 根系形态特征, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

【Objective】To address the issues of irrational fertilizer application, uneven soil nutrient distribution, low fertilizer efficiency, and suboptimal crop yields in medium- and low-yield fields in North China, the precision fertilization was employed to enhance fertilizer use efficiency, increase wheat yield, and improve soil nutrient distribution. 【Method】Based on preliminary pot and field plot experiments, the field trials were conducted using intelligent layered fertilization machinery in Ningjin and Quzhou counties, Hebei Province. Six fertilization treatments were established: conventional farmer practice (MF1), optimized nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization applied in a single layer using conventional machinery (MF2), optimized N, P, and K fertilization applied in two layers using intelligent machinery (MF3), optimized N and P fertilization applied in two layers and K fertilization in three layers using intelligent machinery (MF4), optimized N and K fertilization applied in two layers and P fertilization in three layers using intelligent machinery (MF5), and optimized N fertilization applied in two layers and P and K fertilization in three layers using intelligent machinery (MF6). The study aimed to investigate the effects of precision fertilization on soil enzyme activity, spatiotemporal supply capacity of soil available N, P, and K, wheat root characteristics, fertilizer efficiency, and grain yield. 【Result】The layered fertilization significantly increased the content of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 5.9%-34.5%, 6.4%-25.3%, and 12.9%-91.0%, respectively, while also enhancing the available potassium content in the 40-60 cm soil layer by 3.9%-38.5%. Additionally, layered fertilization significantly enhanced the activities of catalase and urease in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 10.3%-19.7% and 18.4%-31.2%, respectively, improved phosphatase activity in the 0-60 cm soil layer by 18.1%-32.9%, and increased root length, root surface area and root volume in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 13.2%-45.1%, 4.4%-36.4% and 8.7%-45.3%, respectively. Compared with the single-layer optimized N, P, and K fertilization treatment, layered fertilization significantly improved the partial productivity of N, P, and K fertilizers and grain yield, with the MF6 treatment performing the best in both experimental areas. 【Conclusion】The intelligent mechanized layered fertilization was an efficient and precise fertilization technique that demonstrated significant advantages in synergistically improving the spatiotemporal distribution of soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and wheat root distribution characteristics, making it highly recommendable for practical agricultural production.

Key words: winter wheat, intelligent mechanized layered fertilization, soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient distribution, soil enzyme activity, root morphological characteristics, grain yield

吕旭东, 孙世媛, 李亚楠, 刘玉龙, 王艳群, 付鑫, 张佳英, 宁鹏, 彭正萍. 智能机械化分层施肥对麦田根-土养分分布和小麦产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(1): 129-146.

LÜ XuDong, SUN ShiYuan, LI YaNan, LIU YuLong, WANG YanQun, FU Xin, ZHANG JiaYing, NING Peng, PENG ZhengPing. Effects of Intelligent Mechanized Layered Fertilization on Root-Soil Nutrient Distribution and Yield in Wheat Fields[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(1): 129-146.

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地点 Location	土层 Soil layer (cm)	pH	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	铵态氮含量 NH₄⁺-N content (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮含量 NO₃^--N content (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷含量 Available P content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available K content (mg·kg^-1)
宁晋 Ningjin	0-20	8.35	1.41	11.8	8.65	13.7	12.9	84.2
宁晋 Ningjin	20-40	7.88	1.56	6.8	4.86	7.5	4.5	58.6
曲周 Quzhou	0-20	8.51	1.51	11.9	8.22	12.2	12.2	105.0
曲周 Quzhou	20-40	8.02	1.60	6.6	4.83	7.9	4.9	61.8

处理 Treatment	0—10 cm土层 0-10 cm soil layer		10—20 cm土层 10-20 cm soil layer		20—30 cm土层 20-30 cm soil layer		30—40 cm土层 30-40 cm soil layer		总重 Weight
处理 Treatment	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou	宁晋 Ningjin	曲周 Quzhou
MF1	0.2965a	0.3054a	0.1612b	0.1614b	0.0564c	0.0547c	0.0241b	0.0258b	0.5382b	0.5473b
MF2	0.2871a	0.2936a	0.1597b	0.1547b	0.0518c	0.0523c	0.0235b	0.0259b	0.5221b	0.5265b
MF3	0.2847a	0.2813a	0.1832a	0.1888a	0.0588b	0.0583bc	0.0266b	0.0279b	0.5533b	0.5563b
MF4	0.2781a	0.2846a	0.1777a	0.1744a	0.0636b	0.0682b	0.0287b	0.0292ab	0.5481b	0.5564b
MF5	0.2783a	0.2896a	0.1754b	0.1674b	0.0777a	0.0791a	0.0321a	0.0343a	0.5635a	0.5704a
MF6	0.2712a	0.2872a	0.1782b	0.1663b	0.0792a	0.0806a	0.0338a	0.0357a	0.5624a	0.5698a

年份 Year	地点 Location	施肥 Fertilization	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥偏生产力 PFP_N(kg·kg^-1)	磷肥偏生产力 PFP_P(kg·kg^-1)	钾肥偏生产力 PFP_K(kg·kg^-1)
2022-2023	宁晋 Ningjin	MF1	6771.0bc	25.1c	69.5b	225.7a
		MF2	6619.8c	31.5b	73.6b	88.3c
		MF3	7217.7a	34.4a	80.2a	96.2b
		MF4	7139.7ab	34.0a	79.3a	95.2bc
		MF5	7444.9a	35.5a	82.7a	99.3b
		MF6	7385.8a	35.2a	82.1a	98.5b
	曲周 Quzhou	MF1	6996.9cd	25.9d	77.7d	116.6cd
		MF2	6901.2d	32.9c	76.7cd	115.0d
		MF3	7417.4abc	35.3ab	85.4abc	123.6abc
		MF4	7255.6bcd	34.6bc	80.6bcd	120.9bcd
		MF5	7666.5ab	36.5a	85.2ab	127.8ab
		MF6	7780.1.8a	37.1a	86.5a	129.7a
地点Location			**	**	***	***
施肥Fertilization			***	***	***	***
地点×施肥Location×Fertilization			ns	ns	ns	***
2023-2024	宁晋 Ningjin	MF1	7067.5c	26.2d	78.5c	235.6a
		MF2	6933.9c	33.0c	77.0c	92.5d
		MF3	7732.6b	36.8b	85.9b	103.1bc
		MF4	7690.1b	36.6b	85.4b	102.5c
		MF5	8151.4a	38.8a	90.6a	108.7b
		MF6	8136.1a	38.7a	90.4a	108.5b
	曲周 Quzhou	MF1	7437.8c	27.5d	76.3d	124.0c
		MF2	7317.4c	34.8c	81.3c	122.0c
		MF3	7993.9b	38.1b	88.8b	133.2b
		MF4	7963.1b	37.9b	88.5b	132.7b
		MF5	8331.4ab	39.7ab	92.6ab	138.9ab
		MF6	8485.4a	40.4a	94.3a	141.4a
地点Location			***	***	*	***
施肥Fertilization			***	***	***	***
地点×施肥Location×Fertilization			ns	ns	ns	***

地点 Location	施肥 Fertilization	Y1	Y2	Y3	Y4	Y5	Y6	Y7	Y8	得分 Score	排序 Order
宁晋 Ningjin	MF1	-0.554	0	0.034	0.002	0.010	0.020	0.008	-0.009	-0.488	5
	MF2	-0.558	-0.034	-0.035	0.013	-0.012	-0.026	0	0	-0.652	6
	MF3	0.144	0.072	-0.036	-0.025	0.012	0.024	-0.043	-0.009	0.139	4
	MF4	0.139	0.083	0.012	-0.024	-0.020	-0.009	0.021	0.029	0.230	3
	MF5	0.384	-0.080	0.024	0.021	-0.006	0.009	0	0	0.352	2
	MF6	0.445	-0.040	0.001	0.013	0.016	-0.018	0.013	-0.011	0.419	1
曲周 Quzhou	MF1	-0.532	0	0.032	0.003	0.013	0.022	0.009	-0.009	-0.462	5
	MF2	-0.537	-0.033	-0.033	0.015	-0.015	-0.028	0	0	-0.630	6
	MF3	0.139	0.068	-0.035	-0.030	0.015	0.025	-0.048	-0.009	0.125	4
	MF4	0.133	0.079	0.012	-0.028	-0.026	-0.010	0.024	0.028	0.212	3
	MF5	0.369	-0.076	0.023	0.025	-0.007	0.010	0	0	0.344	2
	MF6	0.428	-0.039	0.001	0.015	0.020	-0.019	0.015	-0.011	0.411	1

智能机械化分层施肥对麦田根-土养分分布和小麦产量的影响

Effects of Intelligent Mechanized Layered Fertilization on Root-Soil Nutrient Distribution and Yield in Wheat Fields

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地点 Location	处理 Treatment	代号 Code	上层 Upper layer (0-8 cm)			中层 Middle layer (15-18 cm)			下层 Lower layer (25-28 cm)		追肥 Topdressing	总量 Total amount
地点 Location	处理 Treatment	代号 Code	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
宁晋 Ningjin	农民习惯 Farmer’s habit	MF1									162	270	97.5	30
	N₁P₁K₁	MF2	84	90	75						126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_1:2K_1:2	MF3	42	30	25	42	60	50			126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_1:2K_2:1:2	MF4	42	30	30	42	60	15		30	126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_1:2	MF5	42	36	25	42	18	50	36		126	210	90	75
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_2:1:2	MF6	42	36	30	42	18	15	36	30	126	210	90	75
曲周 Quzhou	农民习惯 Farmer’s habit	MF1									162	270	90	60
	N₁P₁K₁	MF2	84	90	60						126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_1:2K_1:2	MF3	42	30	20	42	60	40			126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_1:2K_2:1:2	MF4	42	30	24	42	60	12		24	126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_1:2	MF5	42	36	20	42	18	40	36		126	210	90	60
	N_1:1P_2:1:2K_2:1:2	MF6	42	36	24	42	18	12	36	24	126	210	90	60

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