水氮周年优化对豫北灌区小麦玉米轮作系统产量和氮迁移的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.02.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 针对豫北灌溉区过度施氮和水资源匮乏问题，探究水氮周年优化（水氮减量25%）对小麦玉米轮作系统作物生长与氮素流失的调控效应，以期为豫北灌区麦玉轮作系统绿色生产提供理论依据与技术支撑。【方法】 在河南省安阳市滑县进行了5年（2018—2023年）的田间试验，设置3个水氮耦合处理：当地传统水氮处理（TP，年施氮552.0 kg·hm^-2，配合灌水270 mm）、氮肥优化（OF，年施氮414.0 kg·hm^-2，配合灌水270 mm）、水氮优化（OWF，年施氮414.0 kg·hm^-2，配合灌水202.5 mm）。研究其对作物产量、生物量、籽粒氮积累量、地上部氮积累量、氮收获指数、氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收效率、土壤水分和硝态氮含量、氮淋溶和径流量以及周年氮平衡的影响。【结果】 OWF处理相较于TP和OF处理对小麦和玉米的年平均产量、生物量、籽粒氮积累量和地上部氮积累量没有显著影响，但分别显著提高氮肥偏生产力31.4%和0.9%，提高氮素吸收效率28.5%和0.1%。产量、生物量、籽粒氮积累量与地上部氮积累量之间存在显著正相关关系。水氮周年优化显著降低了不同生育时期土壤含水量和NO₃^--N含量，OWF处理相较于TP和OF处理土壤含水量分别显著降低了6.6%和9.6%，NO₃^--N含量分别显著降低了46.1%和37.9%。小麦季和玉米季分别占年平均氮淋溶量的2.9%和97.1%，TP、OF和OWF处理的年平均氮淋溶量为52.9、45.8和39.6 kg·hm^-2，OWF处理相较于TP和OF处理年平均NO₃^--N淋溶量分别显著降低了25.2%和13.5%、径流量分别显著降低了32.0%和18.1%。豫北灌溉区年平均氮盈余量为60.6 kg·hm^-2，OWF处理相较于TP处理的氮盈余量降低了81.9%，相较于OF处理提高了20.8%。【结论】 水氮周年优化可以保证小麦玉米轮作系统作物产量稳定的同时，促进水氮资源有效利用，显著降低轮作系统0—100 cm土层的硝态氮含量，减少了NO₃^--N的流失，促进了土壤氮素平衡，减少豫北灌溉区面源污染风险，是豫北灌溉区小麦玉米轮作制度绿色高效的水氮管理措施。

关键词: 小麦, 玉米, 轮作, 氮迁移, 水氮周年优化, 产量, 氮肥偏生产力, 氮淋溶, 氮平衡

Abstract:

【Objective】 To address the issues of excessive nitrogen application and water scarcity in the irrigation area of northern Henan, the aim of this study was to explore the regulating effect of annual water and nitrogen optimization (reducing water and nitrogen by 25%) on crop growth and nitrogen loss in the wheat-maize rotation system, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable agricultural practices in the wheat-maize rotation system of this region. 【Method】 A five-year (2018-2023) field experiment was conducted in Huaxian County, Anyang City of Henan province, and three water and nitrogen management treatments were set up: local traditional water and nitrogen treatment (TP, annual nitrogen application of 552.0 kg·hm^-2 combined with irrigation of 270.0 mm), nitrogen factor optimization treatment (OF, annual nitrogen application of 414.0 kg·hm^-2 combined with irrigation of 270.0 mm), and water and nitrogen factor optimization treatment (OWF, annual nitrogen application of 414.0 kg·hm^-2 combined with irrigation of 202.5 mm). The effects of annual water and nitrogen optimization on the yield, biomass, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP), and nitrogen uptake and physiological efficiency (NUPE), soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen content, nitrogen leaching and runoff, and annual nitrogen balance of the wheat-maize rotation system were studied. 【Result】 Compared with TP and OF treatments, OWF treatment had no significant effect on the annual average yield, aboveground biomass, grain nitrogen accumulation, and aboveground nitrogen accumulation of wheat and maize, but significantly increased NPFP by 31.4% and 0.9%, NUPE by 28.5% and 0.1%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation among yield, biomass, grain nitrogen accumulation, and aboveground nitrogen accumulation. The annual optimization of water and nitrogen management significantly reduced soil moisture content and NO₃^--N content at different growth stages. Compared with TP and OF treatments, OWF treatment resulted in a significant reduction in soil moisture content by 6.6% and 9.6%, respectively, and a significant decrease in NO₃^--N content by 46.1% and 37.9%, respectively. The wheat season and maize season accounted for 2.9% and 97.1% of the annual average nitrogen leaching loss, respectively. The annual average nitrogen leaching losses under TP, OF, and OWF treatments were 52.9, 45.8, and 39.6 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Compared with TP and OF treatments, OWF treatment significantly reduced the annual average NO₃^--N leaching loss by 25.2% and 13.5%, respectively, and decreased NO₃^--N surface runoff by 32.0% and 18.1%, respectively. The annual average nitrogen surplus in the irrigation area of northern Henan was 60.6 kg·hm^-2. Compared with TP treatment, the nitrogen surplus under OWF treatment was reduced by 81.9%, while compared with OF treatment, it was increased by 20.8%. 【Conclusion】 Annual water and nitrogen optimization could maintain stable crop yields in the wheat-maize rotation system while enhancing the efficient utilization of water and nitrogen resources. This approach significantly reduced soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) content across the 0-100 cm soil layers, mitigated NO₃^--N leaching, promoted soil nitrogen balance, and reduced the risk of non-point source pollution in the irrigation area of northern Henan. These results demonstrated that water and nitrogen optimization served as a green and efficient management measure for the wheat-maize rotation system in this region.

Key words: wheat, maize, rotation, nitrogen migration, annual water-nitrogen optimization, crop yield, nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, nitrogen leaching, nitrogen balance

张志勇, 谭世超, 熊淑萍, 马新明, 韦一昊, 王小纯. 水氮周年优化对豫北灌区小麦玉米轮作系统产量和氮迁移的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(2): 336-353.

ZHANG ZhiYong, TAN ShiChao, XIONG ShuPing, MA XinMing, WEI YiHao, WANG XiaoChun. Effects of Annual Water and Nitrogen Optimization on Yield and Nitrogen Migration of Wheat-Maize Rotation System in Irrigation Area of Northern Henan[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(2): 336-353.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2026/V59/I2/336

图/表 15

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表4

不同水氮处理小麦和玉米的氮收获指数（NHI）、氮肥偏生产力（NPFP）和氮素利用效率（NUPE）"

年份 Years	处理 Treatment	氮收获指数 NHI (%)			氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg^-1)			氮素吸收效率 NUPE (kg·kg^-1)
年份 Years	处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	周年 Annual	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	周年 Annual	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	周年 Annual
2018-2019	TP	74.14±3.18 a	69.34±1.34 a	72.13±1.74 a	36.55±1.24 b	65.25±1.56 b	48.37±0.14 b	0.96±0.03 b	0.96±0.06 b	0.96±0.04 b
	OF	73.90±1.70 a	70.98±0.21 a	72.70±0.99 a	48.56±1.97 a	86.47±1.95 a	64.17±1.13 a	1.29±0.044 a	1.24±0.06 a	1.27±0.01 a
	OWF	73.42±0.60 a	70.17±1.69 a	72.11±0.52 a	48.11±1.88 a	87.33±2.90 a	64.26±0.93 a	1.27±0.07a	1.25±0.08 a	1.26±0.06 a
2019-2020	TP	73.33±1.39 a	58.05±0.34 a	71.86±0.66 a	40.25±1.40 b	62.35±2.276 b	49.35±0.84 b	1.16±0.11 b	1.35±0.08 b	1.24±0.05 b
	OF	74.95±1.64 a	57.62±0.68 a	73.47±1.00 a	53.36±1.26 a	80.79±2.02 a	64.66±1.50a	1.53±0.169 a	1.73±0.11 a	1.61±0.11 a
	OWF	74.60±0.73 a	60.67±1.53 a	72.98±0.61 a	52.61±1.34 a	83.41±1.22a	65.29±0.84 a	1.53±0.12 a	1.77±0.04 a	1.63±0.07 a
2020-2021	TP	77.11±0.26 a	75.45±1.17a	76.59±0.25 a	39.18±1.36 b	37.38±1.11 b	38.43±1.17 b	0.90±0.066 b	0.57±0.027 b	0.76±0.04 b
	OF	76.55±1.50 a	74.95±1.07 a	76.06±1.23 a	52.97±0.74 a	47.82±2.05 a	50.85±0.67a	1.22±0.043 a	0.73±0.02 a	1.02±0.02 a
	OWF	75.68±2.19 a	75.42±1.47 a	75.61±1.70 a	52.83±1.59 a	49.40±0.89 a	51.42±1.21 a	1.21±0.09 a	0.70±0.02 a	1.00±0.06 a
2021-2022	TP	80.76±0.37 a	56.12±1.73 a	68.22±1.03 a	45.58±2.64 b	57.24±3.90 b	50.38±3.15 b	0.88±0.06 b	1.30±0.08 b	1.05±0.06 b
	OF	78.92±0.27 a	58.45±1.81 a	68.04±0.68 a	55.98±3.69 a	74.56±4.38 a	63.63±3.76a	1.00±0.04 a	1.65±0.20 a	1.27±1.00 a
	OWF	80.54±1.64 a	58.00±1.98 a	68.68±0.76 a	57.87±3.75 a	73.18±1.087 a	64.18±2.6 a	1.03±0.04 a	1.63±0.07 a	1.27±0.04 a
2022-2023	TP	74.90±0.16 a	63.99±3.92 a	69.37±1.93 a	38.33±2.75 b	61.70±0.65 b	47.95±1.40 b	0.75±0.05 b	1.11±0.07 b	0.89±0.05 b
	OF	74.22±3.25 a	63.54±0.61 a	68.98±2.08 a	49.01±1.82 a	80.40±2.63 a	61.94±2.08 a	0.97±0.04 a	1.36±0.08 a	1.13±0.02 a
	OWF	75.03±1.71 a	65.91±3.42 a	70.42±1.59 a	48.53±1.23 a	83.54±0.67 a	62.95±0.94 a	0.96±0.01 a	1.39±0.04 a	1.14±0.02 a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
处理 Treatment (T)		ns	ns	ns	***	***	***	***	***	***
Y×T		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

表4

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表5

表6

图9

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处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	pH
传统水氮TP	22.07	1.04	1.99	7.02	15.52	340.08	16.17	12.57	6.78
氮肥优化OF	22.37	0.96	1.97	6.76	16.02	342.12	14.72	13.19	6.76
水氮优化OWF	21.88	0.96	2.01	6.58	14.81	343.70	14.36	13.56	6.83

种植季 Crop season	处理 Treatment	化肥 Fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
种植季 Crop season	处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
小麦 Wheat	TP	246.0	132.0	30.0
	OF	184.5	99.0	22.5
	OWF	184.5	99.0	22.5
玉米 Maize	TP	306.0	36.0	36.0
	OF	229.5	27.0	27.0
	OWF	229.5	27.0	27.0
周年 Annual	TP	552.0	168.0	66.0
	OF	414.0	126.0	49.5
	OWF	414.0	126.0	49.5

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	淋溶 N leaching (kg·hm^-2)	径流 N runoff (kg·hm^-2)	年平均流失量 N annual loss (kg·hm^-2)
2018-2019	TP	24.20±0.26 a	0	24.20±0.26 a
	OF	18.32±0.75 b	0	18.32±0.75 b
	OWF	16.38±1.40 b	0	16.38±1.40 b
2019-2020	TP	0	0	0
	OF	0	0	0
	OWF	0	0	0
2020-2021	TP	218.13±15.17 a	0.61±0.07 a	218.75±15.24 a
	OF	197.26±19.01 ab	0.54±0.02 ab	197.80±19.03 ab
	OWF	170.78±17.97 b	0.45±0.07 b	171.23±18.03 b
2021-2022	TP	15.40±2.07 a	0.03±0.01 a	15.43±2.08 a
	OF	9.67±1.77 b	0.02±0.00 ab	9.68±1.77 b
	OWF	8.08±1.16 b	0.01±0.00 b	8.09±1.17 b
2022-2023	TP	6.79±0.50 a	0.04±0.01 a	6.83±0.51a
	OF	3.84±0.64 b	0.01±0.00 b	3.85±0.64 b
	OWF	2.84±0.31 b	0.00±0.00 b	2.84±0.31 b
周年平均 Annual average	TP	45.58±3.13 a	0.14±0.02 a	45.71±3.15 a
	OF	38.41±3.81 b	0.11±0.01 ab	38.52±3.82 b
	OWF	31.84±3.81 c	0.09±0.01 b	31.94±3.82 c
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		***	***	***
处理 Treatment (T)		***	***	***
Y×T		***	***	***

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮输入 N input (kg·hm^-2）				氮输出 N output (kg·hm^-2)			氮素表观盈余量 N balance (kg·hm^-2)	氮素表观盈亏率 N balance (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	施氮 Nitrogen	种子 Seeds	灌水 Irrigation	降雨 Rainfall	作物吸收氮 Crop absorb	淋溶 Leaching	径流 Runoff	氮素表观盈余量 N balance (kg·hm^-2)	氮素表观盈亏率 N balance (%)
2018-2019	TP	552.00	14.30	8.31	14.69	391.08	24.20	0.00	174.02	41.90
	OF	414.00	14.30	8.31	14.69	388.27	18.32	0.00	44.71	11.00
	OWF	414.00	14.30	6.24	14.69	386.80	16.38	0.00	46.05	11.42
2019-2020	TP	552.00	14.30	6.22	7.37	505.11	0.00	0.00	74.78	14.80
	OF	414.00	14.30	6.22	7.37	493.54	0.00	0.00	-51.65	-10.46
	OWF	414.00	14.30	4.66	7.37	498.24	0.00	0.00	-57.91	-11.62
2020-2021	TP	552.00	14.30	5.55	25.79	311.28	218.13	0.61	67.62	12.76
	OF	414.00	14.30	5.55	25.79	311.30	197.26	0.54	-49.46	-9.72
	OWF	414.00	14.30	4.16	25.79	305.36	170.78	0.45	-18.34	-3.85
2021-2022	TP	552.00	14.30	6.79	15.50	428.22	15.40	0.03	144.94	32.67
	OF	414.00	14.30	6.79	15.50	387.25	9.67	0.02	53.66	13.52
	OWF	414.00	14.30	5.09	15.50	389.84	8.08	0.01	50.96	12.81
2022-2023	TP	552.00	14.30	3.77	23.00	365.07	6.79	0.04	221.18	59.47
	OF	414.00	14.30	3.77	23.00	345.91	3.84	0.01	105.31	30.11
	OWF	414.00	14.30	2.83	23.00	348.15	2.84	0.00	103.14	29.38
年平均 Annual	TP	552.00	14.30	6.13	17.27	400.15	52.90	0.14	136.51	30.12
	OF	414.00	14.30	6.13	17.27	385.25	45.82	0.11	20.51	4.76
	OWF	414.00	14.30	6.13	17.27	385.68	39.62	0.09	24.78	6.19
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)						***	***	***	***	***
处理 Treatment (T)						ns	***	***	***	***
Y×T						***	***	***	***	***