中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (15): 2911-2926.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.15.004
原程1(),张玉先1(
),王孟雪1,黄炳林1,辛明强2,尹小刚3,胡国华1,张明聪1(
)
收稿日期:
2021-10-26
接受日期:
2021-12-27
出版日期:
2022-08-01
发布日期:
2022-08-02
通讯作者:
张玉先,张明聪
作者简介:
原程,E-mail: 基金资助:
YUAN Cheng1(),ZHANG MingCong1(
),WANG MengXue1,HUANG BingLin1,XIN MingQiang2,YIN XiaoGang3,HU GuoHua1,ZHANG YuXian1(
)
Received:
2021-10-26
Accepted:
2021-12-27
Online:
2022-08-01
Published:
2022-08-02
Contact:
MingCong ZHANG,YuXian ZHANG
摘要:
【目的】针对东北北部地区大豆主产区早春低温、保墒能力差,导致单产水平较低等问题,探究玉米大豆轮作模式下不同中耕时间和深度对大豆田土壤温湿度、大豆光合特性指标和产量的影响,为大豆产量稳定提升提供有力支撑。【方法】试验于2019—2020年在黑龙江省鹤山农场进行,采用田间小区试验方法,以当地主栽品种黑河43为试验材料,设置4种不同的中耕处理:常规培土(T1)、提前培土(T2)、常规深松(T3)和提前深松(T4),研究中耕时间和深度对土壤温湿度、大豆叶面积指数、株高、气体交换参数、光合产物积累与分配和产量的影响。【结果】(1)在相同中耕深度的基础上,提前培土处理(T2)较常规培土处理(T1),盛花期(R2期)土壤温度和湿度分别提高5.88%—6.54%、3.57%—4.03%(P<0.05),鼓粒期(R6期)叶面积指数、株高和SPAD值分别提高9.48%—16.86%、5.40%—10.57%、2.39%—6.81%(P<0.05);与常规深松处理(T3)相比,提前深松处理(T4)显著提高R6期叶面积指数、株高、净光合速率(Pn)籽粒干物质积累量及大豆产量。(2)在相同中耕时间的条件下,与T1处理相比,T3处理R2期土壤温度、湿度和R6期株高分别提高4.14%—6.42%、10.08%—13.19%和7.43%—8.29%(P<0.05),R5期后干物质积累量和同化贡献率分别提高49.75%和32.95%(P<0.05);与T2处理相比,T4处理各时期土壤温度、R6期叶面积指数、净光合速率(Pn)、结荚期(R5期)后干物质积累量、同化贡献率和产量均显著增加,其中产量增幅度达5.03%—6.02%(P<0.05)。(3)比较不同中耕措施,与T1处理相比,T4处理R2期土壤温度和湿度分别提高11.68%—17.15%和4.70%—8.66%(P<0.05),R6期叶面积指数、株高、SPAD分别提高12.64%—27.42%、11.67%—13.50%、5.43%—6.87%(P<0.05);T2、T3、T4处理提高R6期气体交换参数和大豆产量,其中T4处理净光合速率(Pn)提高14.25%—29.68%(P<0.05)、产量增幅达10.69%—18.71%(P<0.05)。【结论】提前深松处理(T4)能够改善土壤温度和湿度,提高气体交换参数,促进植株净光合产物积累,延缓叶片衰老,提高大豆产量,适宜于东北北部旱作农业区推广应用。
原程,张玉先,王孟雪,黄炳林,辛明强,尹小刚,胡国华,张明聪. 中耕时间和深度对大豆光合特性及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(15): 2911-2926.
YUAN Cheng,ZHANG MingCong,WANG MengXue,HUANG BingLin,XIN MingQiang,YIN XiaoGang,HU GuoHua,ZHANG YuXian. Effects of Intertillage Time and Depth on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield Formation of Soybean[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(15): 2911-2926.
表1
试验处理"
中耕处理 Intertillage treatment | 时期 Stage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
播后4—5 d 4-5 days after the broadcast | V2—V3 | V4—V5 | V6—V7 | |
T1 | 小培土 Little quantity of earthing-up | 中培土 Medium quantity of earthing-up | 大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up | |
T2 | 小培土 Little quantity of earthing-up | 中培土 Medium quantity of earthing-up | 大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up | |
T3 | 深松25-30 cm Subsoiling 25-30 cm | 深松30-35cm+中培土 Subsoiling 30-35 cm and medium quantity of earthing-up | 大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up | |
T4 | 深松25-30cm Subsoiling 25-30 cm | 深松30-35cm+中培土 Subsoiling 30-35 cm and medium quantity of earthing-up | 大培土 Considerable quantity of earthing-up |
表2
中耕时间和深度对大豆干物质积累的影响"
生育期 Growth stage | 年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 叶干重 Dry weight of leaves (kg·hm-2) | 茎干重 Dry weight of stem (kg·hm-2) | 荚皮干重 Dry weight of pod (kg·hm-2) | 籽粒干重 Dry weight of seed (kg·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | 2019 | T1 | 841.6±28.4b | 595.1±20.2d | ||
T2 | 998.3±45.3a | 799.1±28.2c | ||||
T3 | 909.5±43.3a | 1126.4±22.7a | ||||
T4 | 1036.9±26.6a | 997.7±21.3b | ||||
2020 | T1 | 1128.9±30.2a | 944.6±24.4b | |||
T2 | 936.8±34.3b | 808.5±38.8c | ||||
T3 | 1009.5±25.4a | 1020.1±24.2b | ||||
T4 | 983.1±16.8ab | 1335.8±29.0a | ||||
R4 | 2019 | T1 | 1905.4±23.6c | 1300.5±23.5c | 1140.5±25.6c | |
T2 | 2051.8±20.0b | 1662.8±11.3a | 1276.3±18.7a | |||
T3 | 1993.6±21.3b | 1469.2±12.0b | 1224.5±22.5b | |||
T4 | 2275.4±18.2a | 1647.4±18.6a | 1453.1±28.8a | |||
2020 | T1 | 2326.2±54.5c | 1629.5±40.9b | 384.1±17.2b | ||
T2 | 2609.1±49.6b | 1397.9±56.8b | 528.4±27.1b | |||
T3 | 2586.7±47.6bc | 1793.2±50.3b | 406.6±20.1b | |||
T4 | 2967.5±33.4a | 2581.9±56.6a | 714.5±22.5a | |||
R6 | 2019 | T1 | 1767.8±43.5b | 1318.9±38.3c | 1243.0±14.8c | 2225.3±14.8b |
T2 | 1973.2±39.6a | 1645.6±11.2a | 1348.6±8.3b | 2908.4±19.3a | ||
T3 | 1886.4±16.7b | 1523.5±14.1b | 1318.9±28.8bc | 2824.8±24.9b | ||
T4 | 2054.9±19.1a | 1656.6±40.3a | 1496.0±11.5a | 2982.1±24.3a | ||
2020 | T1 | 2068.0±18.3b | 2240.7±20.9b | 1650.0±14.9b | 1128.6±15.7b | |
T2 | 2518.6±31.4a | 3960.0±28.9a | 3872.9±33.4a | 2539.7±41.7a | ||
T3 | 2419.5±17.2b | 2569.4±36.3b | 1770.1±24.6b | 1306.1±17.6b | ||
T4 | 2724.8±26.8a | 3986.4±34.2a | 2405.7±29.6b | 1822.9±21.0ab | ||
R8 | 2019 | T1 | 1087.9±53.3d | 1162.1±19.6c | 2592.1±54.3c | |
T2 | 1346.4±24.0b | 941.1±65.5b | 3072.3±77.6a | |||
T3 | 1183.1±36.7c | 1269.4±33.9b | 2858.3±43.0b | |||
T4 | 1529.0±58.8a | 1438.8±12.8a | 3106.9±40.8a | |||
2020 | T1 | 1275.8±11.4a | 1334.4±13.4b | 2777.4±10.4b | ||
T2 | 1374.8±20.5a | 2147.5±19.3a | 2709.4±20.3b | |||
T3 | 1652.6±13.7a | 1988.5±14.9a | 2779.4±18.9b | |||
T4 | 1531.9±15.6a | 2174.6±27.0a | 2963.2±20.0a |
表3
中耕时间和深度对大豆干物质分配的影响"
生育期 Growth stage | 年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 叶 Leaves (%) | 茎 Stem (%) | 荚皮 Pod (%) | 籽粒 Seed (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | 2019 | T1 | 62.92±0.35a | 37.07±0.35b | ||
T2 | 64.07±0.81a | 35.93±0.81b | ||||
T3 | 58.62±0.71b | 41.37±0.71a | ||||
T4 | 63.18±1.03a | 36.81±1.03b | ||||
2020 | T1 | 52.15±0.24b | 47.84±0.24a | |||
T2 | 53.39±0.43a | 46.61±0.43b | ||||
T3 | 52.57±0.41b | 47.43±0.41a | ||||
T4 | 53.79±0.27a | 46.21±0.27b | ||||
R4 | 2019 | T1 | 47.21±1.82a | 28.71±1.54b | 24.07±0.35b | |
T2 | 45.06±0.74a | 30.57±0.94ab | 24.36±0.23b | |||
T3 | 39.51±1.33b | 32.89±1.49a | 27.60±0.25a | |||
T4 | 39.59±0.73b | 32.16±0.81a | 28.25±0.63a | |||
2020 | T1 | 47.30±0.32a | 42.41±0.84b | 10.29±0.52c | ||
T2 | 42.34±0.18b | 41.35±0.48c | 16.31±0.36a | |||
T3 | 42.58±0.42b | 46.20±0.36a | 11.22±0.62c | |||
T4 | 41.67±0.23c | 45.63±0.45a | 12.70±0.61b | |||
R6 | 2019 | T1 | 31.39±0.39a | 18.73±0.21c | 17.46±0.35b | 32.42±0.71c |
T2 | 27.18±0.77b | 19.76±0.39b | 16.50±0.46c | 36.56±0.90b | ||
T3 | 22.42±0.27c | 20.49±0.41a | 18.11±0.06a | 38.96±0.17a | ||
T4 | 23.09±0.13c | 20.45±0.26a | 18.51±0.16a | 37.93±0.47a | ||
2020 | T1 | 26.56±0.31b | 32.64±0.19a | 24.41±0.46a | 16.38±0.10c | |
T2 | 28.25±0.12a | 30.60±0.38b | 21.05±0.62b | 20.10±0.28b | ||
T3 | 28.49±0.17a | 30.49±0.36b | 21.27±0.18b | 19.75±0.34b | ||
T4 | 25.65±0.18c | 30.52±0.37b | 21.25±0.22b | 22.57±0.11a | ||
R8 | 2019 | T1 | 22.52±0.46a | 24.39±0.38a | 53.08±0.39c | |
T2 | 21.36±0.34b | 23.59±0.26b | 55.05±0.31b | |||
T3 | 22.35±0.27a | 23.72±0.31b | 53.92±0.56c | |||
T4 | 21.40±0.21b | 21.65±0.15c | 56.94±0.27a | |||
2020 | T1 | 26.55±0.16a | 26.48±0.36c | 46.97±0.41c | ||
T2 | 22.32±0.32c | 29.62±0.28a | 48.06±0.60b | |||
T3 | 25.51±0.17b | 26.51±0.38c | 47.97±0.40b | |||
T4 | 23.28±0.44d | 27.62±0.11b | 49.09±0.37a |
表5
中耕时间和深度对大豆转运贡献率与同化贡献率的影响(2020年)"
处理 Treatment | R5期前积累量 PEA (t·hm-2) | R5期后积累量 POA (t·hm-2) | 转运贡献率 CTA (%) | 同化贡献率 CPA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 6.69±0.34b | 1.11±0.16b | 72.86±0.03a | 27.14±1.45b |
T2 | 7.23±0.21b | 1.21±0.28b | 69.50±0.05b | 30.50±1.47b |
T3 | 8.41±0.28a | 1.47±0.33a | 59.52±0.03a | 40.48±2.52a |
T4 | 8.57±0.44a | 1.86±0.35a | 58.23±0.02b | 41.77±2.30a |
表6
中耕时间和深度对大豆产量及产量构成的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 单株荚数 Pod number | 单株粒数 Seed number | 百粒重 100-seed weight | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | T1 | 16.22± 0.84bc | 40.48± 0.83c | 21.24± 0.38a | 2384.83 ±63.51b |
T2 | 21.07± 0.31a | 51.73± 1.97a | 20.43± 0.37abc | 2481.05 ±102.85b | |
T3 | 15.34± 0.94d | 41.50± 0.32c | 20.94± 0.19ab | 2570.51 ±59.29a | |
T4 | 16.94± 0.26 bc | 45.31± 0.50b | 20.08± 0.13cde | 2639.84 ±57.56a | |
2020 | T1 | 27.56±1.07b | 59.04±1.64b | 18.43±0.27b | 3472.94±124.09b |
T2 | 30.67±0.64ab | 66.93±1.00a | 18.40±0.17b | 3915.32±163.53b | |
T3 | 33.24±0.49a | 69.77±2.14a | 18.45±0.23ab | 3994.85±136.64a | |
T4 | 32.11±0.30ab | 69.37±1.30a | 18.64±0.19a | 4122.69±143.34a |
表7
年份、中耕时间和深度及其互作对试验相关指标的方差分析"
因素 Element | ST | SH | LAI | PH | SPAD | PP | DM | Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
年份Year | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.033 | <0.001 |
中耕时间 Intertillage time | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
中耕深度 Intertillage depth | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 |
年份×中耕时间 Years×Intertillage time | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
年份×中耕深度 Years×Intertillage depth | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.012 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
中耕时间×中耕深度 Intertillage time×Intertillage depth | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
年份×中耕时间×中耕深度 Years×Intertillage time×Intertillage depth | <0.001 | 0.447 | 0.100 | 0.703 | 0.537 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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