绿肥还田结合减量施氮对玉米干物质积累分配及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.07.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析绿洲灌区玉米干物质积累分配特征及籽粒产量对绿肥还田结合减量施氮的响应，以期为该区域发展高产、高效玉米生产技术提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验于2020―2021年在甘肃河西绿洲灌区进行，研究绿肥还田结合不同的减氮比例（绿肥还田结合减量施氮0%，N100；绿肥还田结合减量施氮10%，N90；绿肥还田结合减量施氮20%，N80；绿肥还田结合减量施氮30%，N70；绿肥还田结合减量施氮40%，N60）对玉米干物质积累分配及产量的影响。【结果】拔节期后N80和N90处理地上干物质积累量显著高于N70和N60处理，至成熟期N80处理较N70和N60处理提高了13.3%—23.2%，N90处理较N70和N60处理提高了13.9%—23.7%，N100、N90、N80处理间无显著差异；N80处理较N70和N60处理玉米地上干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率显著提高了9.5%—21.2%、13.0%—23.2%，N90处理较N70和N60处理显著提高了10.2%—21.8%、13.9%—23.7%，二者均有效延缓了吐丝期至灌浆期玉米地上干物质积累速率的降低，而且N80处理较N70和N60处理干物质最大增长速率出现的天数提前了2.44和2.77 d，N90处理较N70和N60处理提前了1.92和2.3 d；在成熟期，N80和N90处理较N70和N60处理促进了玉米穗部干物质分配，有效提高了花前干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累贡献率，同时N80处理花后干物质积累量较N70和N60处理分别提高12.2%和20.4%，N90处理较N70和N60处理分别提高12.4%和20.5%，差异显著。N100、N90、N80处理间玉米籽粒产量无显著差异，但N80处理玉米籽粒产量较N70和N60处理分别增加16.8%和27.4%，N90处理较N70和N60处理分别提高17.4%和27.9%，差异显著。【结论】豆科绿肥还田结合减量施氮10%和20%处理增加了玉米地上干物质积累量和积累速率，促进了成熟期穗部干物质的分配，提高了花前干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累贡献率，可作为绿洲灌区获得玉米高产的推荐施氮方式。

关键词: 绿肥, 氮肥, 干物质积累, 干物质分配, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to provide the theoretical basis for the development of high-yield and high-efficiency maize production technology in this area, the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and distribution and the response of grain yield to the return of green manure to the field combined with nitrogen reduction were analyzed in the oasis irrigation area. 【Method】 The field experiment was carried out in Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area, Gansu Province from 2020 to 2021. The combination of green manure returning to the field and different nitrogen reduction ratios (green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 0%, N100; green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 10%, N90; green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 20%, N80; green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 30%, N70; green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 40%, N60) on the distribution of dry matter accumulation in maize and impact on production. 【Result】 After the jointing stage, the aboveground dry matter accumulation under N80 and N90 treatments was significantly higher than that of N70 and N60 treatments. At the mature stage, the aboveground dry matter accumulation under N80 increased by 13.3%-23.2% compared with N70 and N60 treatments, and N90 was higher than N70 and N60 treatments. Compared with the N70 and N60 treatments, the maximum growth rate and average growth rate of the aboveground dry matter under N80 were significantly increased by 9.5%-21.2% and 13.0%-23.2%, respectively; N90 significantly increased by 10.2%-21.8% and 13.9%-23.7% compared with N70 and N60 treatments, both of which effectively delayed the decrease of aboveground dry matter accumulation rate of maize from silking stage to grain filling stage. Compared with N70 and N60, the maximum growth rate of dry matter under N80 treatment was 2.44 d and 2.77 d earlier than that under N70 and N60, respectively, and N90 was 1.92 d and 2.3 d earlier than the N70 and N60 treatments, respectively. N80 and N90 promoted the distribution of dry matter in the ears of maize, and effectively increased the contribution rate of dry matter transport before flowering to grain dry matter accumulation. At the same time, the post-flowering dry matter accumulation under N80 increased by 12.2% and 20.4% compared with N70 and N60 treatments, respectively. Compared with the N70 and N60 treatments, the post-flowering dry matter accumulation under N90 was increased by 12.4% and 20.5%, respectively, and the difference was significant. There was no significant difference in maize grain yield among N100, N90, and N80 treatments, but the maize grain yield under N80 increased by 16.8% and 27.4%, respectively. Compared with N70 and N60 treatments, the yield under N90 treatment increased by 17.4% and 27.9%, respectively, with significant differences. 【Conclusion】 The return of leguminous green manure to the field combined with 10% and 20% nitrogen reduction treatments increased the aboveground dry matter accumulation and accumulation rate of maize, promoted the distribution of dry matter in the ears at maturity, and improved the pre-flowering dry matter transport on grain dry matter. The cumulative contribution rate could be used as the recommended nitrogen application method for high maize yield in oasis irrigated areas.

Key words: green manure, nitrogen fertilizer, dry matter accumulation, dry matter distribution, yield

王鹏飞, 于爱忠, 王玉珑, 苏向向, 李悦, 吕汉强, 柴健, 杨宏伟. 绿肥还田结合减量施氮对玉米干物质积累分配及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(7): 1283-1294.

WANG PengFei, YU AiZhong, WANG YuLong, SU XiangXiang, LI Yue, LÜ HanQiang, CHAI Jian, YANG HongWei. Effects of Returning Green Manure to Field Combined with Reducing Nitrogen Application on the Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Yield of Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(7): 1283-1294.

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代码 Code	处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	追肥 Top application (kg·hm^-2)		总施氮量 Total N application rate (kg·hm^-2)
代码 Code	处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	大喇叭口期 Flare opening stage	花后15 d 15 days after flowering	总施氮量 Total N application rate (kg·hm^-2)
N100	绿肥还田结合减量施氮0% Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 0%	108	180	72	360
N90	绿肥还田结合减量施氮10% Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 10%	98	162	64	324
N80	绿肥还田结合减量施氮20% Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 20%	86	144	58	288
N70	绿肥还田结合减量施氮30% Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 30%	76	126	50	252
N60	绿肥还田结合减量施氮40% Green manure combined with nitrogen reduction 40%	64	108	44	216

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	最大增长速率出现天数 The days of MIR (d)	最大增长速率 Maximum increase rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)	平均增长速率 Average increase rate (kg·hm^-2·d^-1)
2020	N100	Y=39989.9/(1+e^{6.1750-0.0690}^t)	0.998	89.49a	689.83a	265.94a
	N90	Y=39737.5/(1+e^{6.2414-0.0702}^t)	0.998	88.91a	697.39a	264.91a
	N80	Y=39806.5/(1+e^{6.2334-0.0696}^t)	0.998	89.56a	692.63a	265.65a
	N70	Y=34128.6/(1+e^{6.3614-0.0728}^t)	0.999	87.38b	621.14b	228.03b
	N60	Y=30737.3/(1+e^{6.2426-0.0718}^t)	0.999	86.94b	551.73c	203.84c
2021	N100	Y=38486.4/(1+e^{6.1802-0.0694}^t)	0.998	89.05a	667.74a	254.31a
	N90	Y=38601.9/(1+e^{6.2674-0.0706}^t)	0.998	88.77a	681.32a	256.94a
	N80	Y=38088.6/(1+e^{6.3300-0.0710}^t)	0.998	89.15a	676.07a	253.10a
	N70	Y=33192.7/(1+e^{6.4324-0.0744}^t)	0.998	86.46b	617.38b	221.55b
	N60	Y=29068.0/(1+e^{6.2608-0.0726}^t)	0.998	86.24b	527.58c	194.58c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花前 Pre-anthesis			花后 Post anthesis
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	DMR (kg·hm^-2)	DMRE (%)	DMRCG (%)	DMA (kg·hm^-2)	DMAC (%)
2020	N100	1188.12a	6.47a	7.51a	17938.43a	92.49c
	N90	1263.45a	6.77a	8.18a	17824.92a	91.82c
	N80	1224.29a	6.55a	7.94a	17873.09a	92.06c
	N70	711.20b	4.33b	5.55b	15381.10b	94.45b
	N60	507.56c	3.46c	4.45c	14249.34c	95.55a
2021	N100	1037.78a	5.47a	7.15a	17304.38a	92.85c
	N90	1082.25a	5.53a	7.38a	16662.06a	92.62c
	N80	1046.45a	5.43a	7.23a	16554.05a	92.77c
	N70	652.29b	3.85b	5.40b	14823.77b	94.60b
	N60	429.37c	2.91c	4.16c	13174.98c	95.84a