二氢赤霉素与秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦分蘖成穗与产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】西南丘陵旱地气候冬干春旱，是限制小麦有效穗数和产量的主要因素。探究秸秆覆盖和二氢赤霉素对旱地小麦分蘖成穗和籽粒产量的影响，以期为丰富和完善旱地小麦分蘖成穗调控理论提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】试验于2022—2024年在西南典型丘陵旱地的仁寿试验站进行，采用二因素裂区试验设计，主区为秸秆覆盖（SM，秸秆覆盖免耕；NSM，秸秆不覆盖），裂区采用二氢赤霉素化控方式（DHGA₁₀₀，三叶期喷施二氢赤霉素；DHGA₀，三叶期喷施清水），针对西南丘陵旱地土壤干旱抑制小麦分蘖发生与成穗，导致小麦有效穗数不足的现状，分析秸秆覆盖和二氢赤霉素对小麦分蘖发生、物质积累和内源激素含量的影响，探究其对旱地小麦分蘖成穗及产量的影响。【结果】秸秆覆盖（SM）相较于不覆盖(NSM)，小麦有效穗数和产量分别提高13.16%和20.64%；三叶期喷施二氢赤霉素（DHGA₁₀₀）相较于不喷施（DHGA₀），小麦有效穗数和产量分别提高9.7%和14.37%。秸秆覆盖与三叶期喷施二氢赤霉素能延长有效分蘖发生期，促进低位分蘖发生与成穗，提高小麦单株分蘖力和成穗数。SM较NSM单株分蘖力、一级分蘖的第一分蘖（T1）发生率和成穗数分别提高46.02%、21.21%和13.41%；DHGA₁₀₀较DHGA₀分别提高22.56%、16.18%和9.72%。单株分蘖力每提高0.1，有效穗数提高2.84%；单株成穗数每提高0.1，有效穗数提高19.3%；T1分蘖发生率每提高10%，有效穗数提高14%。秸秆覆盖和三叶期喷施二氢赤霉素均能调控分蘖节内源激素含量并提高分蘖干物质占全株的比例。SM相比于NSM，分蘖节ZR/ABA和GA₃/ABA分别提高52.66%和38.68%，IAA/ABA降低了11.10%；SM处理下，DHGA₁₀₀较DHGA₀分别提高14.06%、21.67%和31.67%。【结论】秸秆覆盖与三叶期喷施二氢赤霉素可通过ABA/GA促进T1分蘖的发生与成穗，从而提高有效穗数和产量。因此，秸秆覆盖（8 000 kg·hm^-2）下小麦三叶期喷施二氢赤霉素（100 mg·L^-1）是雨养农作区小麦单产提升的模式。

关键词: 冬小麦, 二氢赤霉素, 秸秆覆盖, 分蘖成穗, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 Seasonal drought during winter and spring is a significant factor limiting the number of fertile spike and grain yield of wheat in Southwest China. This study investigated the combined effects of straw mulching and 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin on tillering in wheat, spike formation, and grain yield of dryland wheat, which would enrich the theoretical framework of tillering and spike formation regulation, and provide a theoretical basis for stable and high yield of wheat in the dryland farming system. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Renshou experimental station, which is a typical hilly dryland farming system in Southwest China. The straw mulching (SM, straw mulching with no-tillage; NSM, no straw mulching) and 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin (DHGA₁₀₀, spraying exogenous 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin A₅ at the three-leaf stage; DHGA₀, spraying water at the three-leaf stage)，In view of the current situation that soil drought in the hilly and dryland of Southwest China inhibits wheat tillering and spike formation, resulting in insufficient fertile spikes of wheat, the effects of straw mulching and 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin A₅ on wheat tillering, matter accumulation and endogenous hormone content were analyzed, exploration treatments were employed to evaluated their combined effects on the tillering and grain yield of dryland wheat. 【Result】 Compared with no mulching, straw mulching increased the fertile spikes and grain yield of wheat by 13.16% and 20.64%, respectively; DHGA₁₀₀ applicated at the three-leaf stage increased the fertile spikes and grain yield of wheat by 9.7% and 14.37%, respectively, compared with no DHGA₀ application. Straw mulching combined with DHGA₁₀₀ extended the effective tillering period, promoted the occurrence of the first tiller (T1 tillers), and increased the tillering capability and tillering emerging rate of T1 tillers, ultimately increasing fertile spikes and grain yield. Compared with NSM, SM increased the tillering ability, tiller emerging rate, and fertile spikes by 46.02%, 21.21%, and 13.41%, respectively; DHGA₁₀₀ increased these parameters by 22.56%, 16.18%, and 9.72%, respectively, compared with DHGA₀. For every 0.1 increase in tillering ability per plant, the number of fertile spikes increased by 2.84%; for every 0.1 increase in tillering survival rate of tillers after stem extension, the fertile spikes increased by 19.3%; for every 10% increase in tiller emerging rate of T1 tillers, the fertile spikes increased by 14%. Both straw mulching and DHGA could regulate the endogenous hormone levels in tillers and increase the proportion of tiller dry matter to total plant dry matter. Compared with NSM, SM increased the ratios of ZR/ABA and GA₃/ABA in tillers by 52.66% and 38.68% and decreased the ratio of IAA/ABA by 11.10%. Under SM treatment, DHGA₁₀₀ increased these ratios by 14.06%, 21.67%, and 31.67%, respectively, compared with DHGA₀. 【Conclusion】 Exogenous 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin A₅ applicated to straw mulching at the three-leaf stage promoted the occurrence and spike formation of T1 tillers via ABA/GA signaling, thereby increasing fertile spikes and grain yield of wheat. Therefore, the combination of straw mulching (8 000 kg·hm^-2) with the application of 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin (100 mg·L^-1) at the three-leaf stage was a promising approach for high and stable grain yield of wheat in the dryland farming system.

Key words: winter wheat, 16,17-Dihydro gibberellin A₅, straw mulching, tillering and spike formation, grain yield

蒲丽霞, 张佳芮, 叶建萍, 黄秀兰, 樊高琼, 杨洪坤. 二氢赤霉素与秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦分蘖成穗与产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(9): 1735-1748.

PU LiXia, ZHANG JiaRui, YE JianPing, HUANG XiuLan, FAN GaoQiong, YANG HongKun. The Combined Effects of 16, 17-Dihydro Gibberellin A₅ and Straw Mulching on Tillering and Grain Yield of Dryland Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(9): 1735-1748.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment		单株分蘖力 Tillering capacity	拔节期个体分蘖发生率 Tiller emergency rate (%)		分蘖消亡速率 Tiller death rate (n·d^-1·m^-2)	成穗数 Fertile tillers per plant	成穗率 Tillering survival rate (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		单株分蘖力 Tillering capacity	T1	T2	分蘖消亡速率 Tiller death rate (n·d^-1·m^-2)	成穗数 Fertile tillers per plant	成穗率 Tillering survival rate (%)
2022—2023	NSM	DHGA₀	0.59±0.03c	50.00±4.71b	20.00±0.94ab	1.04±0.09b	1.06±0.03c	66.93±2.26ab
	NSM	DHGA₁₀₀	0.67±0.04c	60.00±9.43ab	13.33±0.01b	0.95±0.20b	1.19±0.06b	71.35±5.28a
	SM	DHGA₀	1.05±0.01b	83.33±4.71ab	33.33±9.43ab	1.63±0.10a	1.23±0.04b	60.00±2.27a
	SM	DHGA₁₀₀	1.17±0.03a	90.00±14.14a	43.33±4.71a	1.59±0.11a	1.37±0.04a	63.02±2.32bc
	F值 F value	SM	345.41**	361.01*	792.24**	66.64*	99.79**	42.62**
		DHGA	69.24**	1.47ns	0.28ns	0.82ns	50.87**	7.21*
		SM×DHGA	2.58ns	0.08ns	8.25*	0.16ns	0.08ns	0.25ns
2023—2024	NSM	DHGA₀	1.18±0.27b	70.01±14.14b	40.01±14.14b	2.39±0.62b	1.09±0.03c	50.75±7.65a
	NSM	DHGA₁₀₀	1.45±0.07b	95.44±7.07a	65.23±7.07a	2.71±0.18b	1.21±0.03b	49.60±1.97ab
	SM	DHGA₀	1.48±0.18b	90.05±0.13a	80.00±14.14a	2.71±0.4b	1.25±0.03b	50.43±3.88a
	SM	DHGA₁₀₀	1.98±0.28a	95.43±7.07a	80.23±14.01a	3.65±0.67a	1.31±0.04a	44.48±5.42b
	F值 F value	SM	33.44*	12.02ns	40.30*	30.00**	555.58**	7.45ns
		DHGA	11.74*	54.00**	8.31*	9.12*	33.32**	2.70ns
		SM×DHGA	1.10ns	24.04**	8.34*	2.22ns	3.02ns	1.21ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		整株 Whole plant (kg·hm^-2)	主茎 Main stem (kg·hm^-2)	主茎占比 Proportion of main stem (%)	分蘖 Tillering (kg·hm^-2)	分蘖占比 Proportion of tillers (%)
2022—2023	NSM	DHGA₀	1859±152a	1287±116a	69±1a	572±36b	31±1b
	NSM	DHGA₁₀₀	1765±265a	1146±133a	65±2b	619±133ab	35±2a
	SM	DHGA₀	2253±116a	1532±112a	68±2ab	721±4ab	32±2ab
	SM	DHGA₁₀₀	2199±271a	1446±254a	66±4b	753±16a	35±4a
	F值 F value	SM	6ns	5ns	32ns	14ns	37ns
		DHGA	4ns	15*	21ns	4ns	21ns
		SM×DHGA	3ns	9ns	14ns	13ns	10ns
2023—2024	NSM	DHGA₀	2867±499a	1973±443a	68.5±3.5a	894±56b	32±4a
	NSM	DHGA₁₀₀	2822±142a	1749±772a	60.6±8.5a	1073±105ab	39±9a
	SM	DHGA₀	3700±567a	2429±216a	66±4.3a	1271±351a	34±4a
	SM	DHGA₁₀₀	3374±240a	2247±188a	66.6±0.9a	1127±51ab	33±1a
	F值 F value	SM	10ns	39ns	34ns	58ns	24ns
		DHGA	19ns	37ns	9**	14ns	9**
		SM×DHGA	6ns	7ns	12ns	38ns	12ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		有效穗数 Fertile spikes (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index
2022—2023	NSM	DHGA₀	265.52±6.59c	26.77±0.64c	54.09±1.75a	3899.93±415.15c	0.43±0.01a
	NSM	DHGA₁₀₀	296.95±15.72bc	30.88±0.82b	54.07±0.24a	4365.52±92.05bc	0.40±0.02a
	SM	DHGA₀	307.76±11.21b	34.03±2.53ab	52.12±1.39a	4820.14±248.82b	0.40±0.02a
	SM	DHGA₁₀₀	341.67±10.87a	36.63±0.48a	52.71±1.66a	5744.78±201.8a	0.41±0.02a
	F值 F value	SM	49.74*	59.18*	14.01ns	767.05**	14.20ns
		DHGA	25.07**	23.93**	0.29ns	13.51*	1.12ns
		SM×DHGA	0.04ns	1.21ns	0.33ns	1.47ns	1.09ns
2023—2024	NSM	DHGA₀	273.33±6.51c	31.36±1.69a	56.22±0.20a	4024.55±101.50c	0.31±0.01a
	NSM	DHGA₁₀₀	303.33±6.81b	34.48±2.97a	56.50±0.69a	4596.04±302.16b	0.30±0.01a
	SM	DHGA₀	311.49±6.73ab	35.06±1.02a	54.72±1.07a	4635.00±61.34b	0.31±0.02a
	SM	DHGA₁₀₀	328.13±10.93a	35.51±1.72a	55.80±0.87a	5171.57±350.74a	0.32±0.01a
	F值 F value	SM	283.58**	2.22ns	5.83ns	55.06*	20.00ns
		DHGA	16.99*	5.42ns	4.83ns	15.03*	0.05ns
		SM×DHGA	1.40ns	3.37ns	1.65ns	0.01ns	1.80ns