硫包衣缓释肥提升水稻产量及氮肥利用率的技术途径

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.01.005

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (1): 57-77.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.01.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

硫包衣缓释肥提升水稻产量及氮肥利用率的技术途径

董桂春¹^,^*(), 王子涵¹, 王树深¹^,², 李杰³, 霍晓晴¹, 杨瑞¹, 周娟¹, 舒小伟¹^,⁴, 李妍³, 曹靓婧³, 王子瑞³, 姚友礼¹, 黄建晔¹

¹ 扬州大学农学院/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室培育点/江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心/教育部植物功能基因组重点实验室，江苏扬州 225009
² 上海光明长江现代农业有限公司，上海 202178
³ 常州市农业综合技术推广中心，江苏常州 213002
⁴ 徐州生物工程职业技术学院，江苏徐州 221006

收稿日期:2025-05-05 接受日期:2025-11-14 出版日期:2026-01-07 发布日期:2026-01-07
通信作者:
董桂春，E-mail：gcdong@yzu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2024YFD2300301-01); 国家自然科学基金(32172102); 江苏省农业重大技术协同推广计划(2023-ZYXT-03-2); 常州市水稻产业技术集成创新中心项目(CAIC（2023）005)

Technical Approaches for Enhancing Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency with Sulfur-Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizers

DONG GuiChun¹^,^*(), WANG ZiHan¹, WANG ShuShen¹^,², LI Jie³, HUO XiaoQing¹, YANG Rui¹, ZHOU Juan¹, SHU XiaoWei¹^,⁴, LI Yan³, CAO LiangJing³, WANG ZiRui³, YAO YouLi¹, HUANG JianYe¹

¹ Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu
² Shanghai GuangMing Yangtze Modern Agriculture Co., Shanghai 202178
³ Changzhou Comprehensive Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Changzhou 213002, Jiangsu
⁴ Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering, Xuzhou 221006, Jiangsu

Received:2025-05-05 Accepted:2025-11-14 Published:2026-01-07 Online:2026-01-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究硫包衣缓释肥中缓释氮4个不同释放周期的产品的施用方法，厘清缓释氮产品是单一施用还是组合施用、是否要与速效氮配施、如何优化配施的问题，旨在实现水稻产量和氮肥利用率的协同提高。【方法】于2022—2024年在江苏扬州和常州，以南粳9108与南粳46为供试材料，设计缓释氮产品比较、产品组合筛选、肥料品种比较、缓速掺混配比、速效肥不同施用时期、缓释氮组合配方优选等试验，研究硫包衣缓释肥施用方法对水稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用的影响。【结果】（1）秸秆还田处理的水稻产量较半量还田、不还田处理分别显著提高4.50%、8.88%，氮肥利用率较其他两处理分别提高11.35%、25.64%。（2）缓释氮60 d产品的产量比30、90、120 d产品分别高4.10%、15.68%、19.09%，但低于常规精确定量4.13%；60 d产品氮肥利用率总体而言大于其他缓释氮产品，平均高8.68%；秸秆不还田、半量还田处理略高于常规精确定量处理9.88%、0.93%，全量还田处理低于常规精确定量处理4.57%。（3）缓释氮产品以“3+6+9”组合的产量、氮肥利用率最高，但均低于常规精确定量。（4）缓速掺混配比7﹕3处理的水稻产量、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均最高，比常规精确定量处理平均分别高4.31%、3.25%、6.15%；在此处理下，速效肥作分蘖肥（生育期中等的品种）或作促花肥（生育期较长的品种），产量、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均协同提高。产量提高主要是由于在水稻穗数足够的基础上每穗粒数显著增加。（5）缓释氮产品按30 d﹕60 d﹕90 d=1﹕4﹕1掺混时，水稻的产量、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均为最高，较常规精确定量处理分别增加3.76%、5.66%、13.35%，这与其叶面积系数、库容量、生物产量均显著提高有密切的关系。【结论】缓释氮按30 d﹕60 d﹕90 d=1﹕4﹕1比例混合，缓释氮与速效氮以7﹕3配施，缓释肥一次性基施，速效肥作分蘖肥（生育期150 d左右的品种）或促花肥（生育期160 d以上的品种）一次性施用，产量、氮肥利用率较常规精确定量处理分别增加3.76%、13.35%，是硫包衣缓释肥实现水稻产量和氮肥利用率协同提高比较优化的施用方法。

关键词: 水稻, 缓释氮产品比较与组合筛选, 缓释肥优化施用, 产量, 氮素吸收利用

Abstract:

【Objective】Sulfur-coated slow-release fertilizers comprise four nitrogen (N) products with distinct release periods. This study aimed to determine whether these products should be applied individually or in combination, whether they should be blended with quick-release N fertilizers, and how to optimize their application to synergistically improve rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). 【Method】 The field experiments were conducted in Yangzhou and Changzhou, Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, using rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 46 as test materials. The trials included comparisons of slow-release N products, screening of optimal product combinations, evaluations of fertilizer types, blending ratios of slow- and quick-release N fertilizers, and application timing of quick-release N, and optimization of slow-release N formulations. The effects of sulfur-coated slow-release fertilizer application methods on rice yield formation and nitrogen uptake and utilization were analyzed。【Result】(1) The rice yield under the straw return treatment increased by 4.50% and 8.88% compared with the half-straw return and no-straw return treatments, respectively. Additionally, the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under the straw return treatment was 11.35% and 25.64% higher than that under the other two treatments, respectively. (2) The rice yield of the 60-day slow-release nitrogen product was 4.10%, 15.68%, and 19.09% higher than that of the 30-day, 90-day, and 120-day products, respectively, but 4.13% lower than that of the conventional precise fertilization. Overall, the NUE of the 60-day product exceeded that of other slow-release nitrogen products by an average of 8.68%. Under no-straw return and half-straw return conditions, the NUE was 9.88% and 0.93% higher than that under conventional precise fertilization, respectively; however, under full straw return, it was 4.57% lower. (3) The combination of slow-release nitrogen products in the ratio of 3+6+9 achieved the highest rice yield and NUE, yet both were lower than those of the conventional precise fertilization. (4) The treatment with a blending ratio of 7:3 (slow- to quick-release nitrogen) achieved the highest rice yield, nitrogen accumulation, and NUE, averaging 4.31%, 3.25%, and 6.15% higher than that under conventional precise fertilization, respectively. Under this treatment, applying quick-release fertilizer as tillering fertilizer (for medium-duration varieties) or panicle initiation fertilizer (for long-duration varieties) synergistically improved yield, nitrogen accumulation, and NUE. The yield increase was primarily attributed to a significant enhancement in spikelets per panicle on the basis of adequate panicle number. (5) When slow-release nitrogen products were blended at a ratio of 30-day:60-day:90-day = 1:4:1, rice yield, nitrogen accumulation, and NUE all achieved the highest values, averaging 3.76%，5.66% and13.35% higher than conventional precise fertilization, respectively，which was closely associated with significant increases in leaf area index (LAI), sink capacity, and biomass yield. 【Conclusion】A blended slow-release N fertilizer was formulated by combining three controlled-release fertilizer with dissolution periods of 30 d, 60 d, and 90 d at a 1:4:1 mass ratio. Application of this blended slow-release N with quick-release N at a 7:3 ratio—implemented through one-time basal application of slow-release fertilizer and single topdressing of quick-release N as either tillering fertilizer (for 150-day varieties) or flowering-promoting fertilizer (for >160-day varieties)—significantly increased grain yield by 3.76% and nitrogen use efficiency by 13.55% compared with conventional precision quantification. This field-validated protocol demonstrates sulfur-coated fertilizers enabled synergistic gains in rice productivity and nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Key words: rice, comparison and combination screening of slow-release nitrogen products, optimized slow-release fertilizer application, yield, nitrogen uptake and utilization

董桂春, 王子涵, 王树深, 李杰, 霍晓晴, 杨瑞, 周娟, 舒小伟, 李妍, 曹靓婧, 王子瑞, 姚友礼, 黄建晔. 硫包衣缓释肥提升水稻产量及氮肥利用率的技术途径[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(1): 57-77.

DONG GuiChun, WANG ZiHan, WANG ShuShen, LI Jie, HUO XiaoQing, YANG Rui, ZHOU Juan, SHU XiaoWei, LI Yan, CAO LiangJing, WANG ZiRui, YAO YouLi, HUANG JianYe. Technical Approaches for Enhancing Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency with Sulfur-Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizers[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(1): 57-77.

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秸秆还田方式 Straw returning method	肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
不还田 No-straw return	30 d	37.49b	93.72b	85.36a	23.33a
	60 d	38.88b	100.86a	85.42a	23.73a
	90 d	38.88b	99.18a	81.50b	23.85a
	120 d	34.63c	92.07b	85.86a	23.94a
	CF	42.47a	99.41a	83.63ab	23.44a
	CK	11.67d	73.68c	84.23ab	24.27a
半量还田 Half-straw return	30 d	34.94b	98.20b	85.95ab	23.79b
	60 d	38.13a	107.76a	84.93ab	23.67b
	90 d	37.91a	107.08a	82.74b	23.84b
	120 d	33.31b	97.23b	87.30a	24.60ab
	CF	40.26a	106.62a	83.12b	24.01ab
	CK	11.83c	80.75c	85.02ab	24.91a
全量还田 Full-straw return	30 d	32.67c	107.35c	86.25ab	24.53ab
	60d	35.66b	111.89ab	88.58a	24.31bc
	90d	36.73ab	111.15b	83.95b	24.19bc
	120 d	31.13c	107.13c	86.45ab	25.29a
	CF	38.97a	115.29a	84.99b	23.52c
	CK	13.58d	86.97d	84.13b	24.91ab
F_秸秆F_straw		10.33**	121.45**	4.09ns	2.20ns
F_肥料F_fertilizer		460.56**	192.23**	5.55**	5.74**
F_{秸秆×肥料}F_straw_×_fertilizer		2.16*	1.22ns	0.70ns	1.02ns

肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	产量 Yield (g/pot)	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
CK	4.86c	14.00d	40.67c	37.71c	22.62c
BQF	40.33b	32.33c	73.33b	75.10b	22.65c
3+6	97.96a	44.50a	108.76a	80.49a	25.15b
3+9	95.48a	40.93b	110.37a	81.02a	26.09ab
6+9	95.63a	38.95b	111.78a	83.30a	26.37ab
3+6+9	103.22a	41.15b	115.00a	81.80a	26.67a
F	**	**	**	**	**

时间 Year	地点 Site	品种 Variety	肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2022	扬州Yangzhou	南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	269.85c	119.38b	86.80b	24.49b
			CF	353.85a	132.77a	87.23b	25.23ab
			LF	339.15a	138.08a	87.43b	24.76ab
			SR	297.15b	135.26a	93.14a	25.68a
			F	**	**	**	ns
2023	扬州Yangzhou	南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	192.15c	99.47c	96.74a	27.78a
			CF	340.20a	118.45b	95.12b	27.79a
			LF	342.30a	111.82b	94.84b	27.77a
			SR	308.70b	136.94a	93.26c	25.22b
			F	**	**	**	ns
2023	常州 Changzhou	南粳46 NJ46	CK	15.69c	101.30b	91.47a	25.29a
			CF	24.14a	116.63a	92.00a	25.81a
			LF	23.50b	116.54a	91.86a	25.16a
			SR	23.22b	114.23a	91.68a	25.41a
			F	**	**	ns	ns

时间 Year	地点 Site	品种 Variety	肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2022	扬州Yangzhou	南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	6.85d	269.85d	119.38b	86.80d	24.49b
			CF	10.34b	353.85a	132.77a	87.23d	25.23a
			7﹕3	10.99a	343.35ab	139.52a	89.87c	25.56a
			8﹕2	10.40b	330.75ab	134.58a	90.98bc	25.69a
			9﹕1	10.03b	320.25bc	134.34a	92.38ab	25.27a
			10﹕0	9.61c	297.15c	135.26a	93.14a	25.68a
			F	**	**	**	**	**
2023	扬州Yangzhou	南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	5.14c	192.15c	99.47c	96.74a	27.78a
			CF	10.64ab	340.20a	118.45b	95.12a	27.79a
			7﹕3	10.74ab	328.65ab	132.90a	92.81b	26.49bc
			8﹕2	10.65ab	326.55ab	133.73a	93.10b	26.16cd
			9﹕1	10.30ab	312.90ab	136.48a	93.14b	25.89d
			10﹕0	9.94b	308.70b	136.94a	93.26b	25.22e
			F	**	**	**	**	**
2023	常州 Changzhou	南粳46 NJ46	CK	5.52e	235.34d	101.30e	91.47c	25.29a
			CF	10.03b	362.04b	116.63bc	92.00abc	25.81a
			7﹕3	10.50a	361.93b	120.52a	92.56a	26.01a
			8﹕2	9.75c	358.98b	118.28ab	91.74bc	25.03a
			9﹕1	9.39d	350.53c	115.57bc	92.59a	25.04a
			10﹕0	9.27d	348.33c	114.23c	91.68bc	25.41a
			F	**	**	**	*	ns

时间 Year	地点 Site	品种 Variety	肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	成熟期氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation at maturity (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (%)	氮素收获指数 Nitrogen harvest index (%)	氮素籽粒生产效率 Nitrogen grain production efficiency (kg N·kg^-1)
2022	扬州 Yangzhou	南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	75.45e		90.79a	64.55a
			CF	168.88bc	34.60bc	64.67b	61.21a
			7﹕3	178.92a	38.32a	63.69b	61.43a
			8﹕2	171.63b	35.62b	62.39b	60.57a
			9﹕1	163.52c	32.62c	61.36b	61.35a
			10﹕0	151.85d	28.30d	63.97b	63.28a
			F	**	**	*	ns
2023	扬州 Yangzhou	南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	65.39c		78.61a	62.34a
			CF	154.46b	32.99b	71.34b	68.96a
			7﹕3	158.86ab	34.62ab	69.83bc	67.61a
			8﹕2	161.66a	35.66ab	68.27bc	65.79a
			9﹕1	159.40ab	34.82ab	69.26bc	64.60a
			10﹕0	154.00b	32.82b	64.45c	64.56a
			F	**	ns	**	ns
2023	常州 Changzhou	南粳46 NJ46	CK	104.24g		60.24c	53.91c
			CF	185.69b	33.94b	53.31e	53.99c
			7﹕3	187.79a	34.83a	58.97d	56.37bc
			8﹕2	166.49d	25.9d	51.36f	58.47ab
			9﹕1	158.54f	22.67f	61.65b	59.38a
			10﹕0	162.14e	24.14e	67.17a	56.99ab
			F	**	**	**	**

硫包衣缓释肥提升水稻产量及氮肥利用率的技术途径

Technical Approaches for Enhancing Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency with Sulfur-Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizers

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品种 Variety	肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	5.14c	192.15e	99.47d	96.74a	27.78a
	CF	10.64ab	340.20ab	118.45c	95.12ab	27.79a
	6﹕4 TF	10.98a	341.25a	129.17b	94.71ab	26.31bc
	6﹕4 BF	10.88ab	338.1abc	132.35ab	91.43c	26.58b
	7﹕3 TF	11.11a	339.15abc	135.42ab	94.66ab	25.55ef
	7﹕3 BF	10.74ab	328.65abcd	132.90ab	92.81bc	26.49bc
	8﹕2 TF	10.81ab	327.60abcd	139.57a	94.32b	25.07g
	8﹕2 BF	10.65ab	326.55abcd	133.73ab	93.10bc	26.16cd
	9﹕1 TF	10.48ab	313.95bcd	137.95a	94.32b	25.64e
	9﹕1 BF	10.30ab	312.90cd	136.48ab	93.14bc	25.89de
	10﹕0	9.94b	308.70d	136.94ab	93.26bc	25.22fg
	F	**	**	**	**	**
南粳46 NJ46	CK	5.52c	235.34c	101.30b	91.47a	25.29a
	CF	10.03a	362.08a	116.63a	92.00a	25.81a
	6﹕4 TF	10.46cd	386.28a	115.09d	90.45d	26.01ab
	6﹕4 PF	10.88ab	334.45d	132.10a	93.49a	26.36a
	6﹕4 ETP	10.61c	362.21bc	123.66bc	92.67b	25.57bc
	7﹕3 TF	10.70bc	372.20b	124.57b	89.41e	25.81ab
	7﹕3 PF	11.10a	344.72d	133.33a	91.55c	26.40a
	7﹕3 ETP	10.90ab	358.79c	133.41a	91.58c	24.87d
	8﹕2 TF	10.06e	369.81b	119.05cd	90.95cd	25.11cd
	8﹕2 PF	10.30d	339.54d	129.89a	91.06cd	25.66bc
	F	**	**	**	**	**

品种 Variety	肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	成熟期氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation at maturity (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (%)	氮素收获指数 Nitrogen harvest index (%)	氮素籽粒生产效率 Nitrogen grain production efficiency (kg N·kg^-1)
南粳9108 NJ9108	CK	65.39b		78.61a	62.34a
	CF	154.46b	32.99b	71.34b	68.96a
	6﹕4 TF	164.34a	36.65a	66.82bcd	66.83a
	6﹕4 BF	164.24a	36.61a	67.72bcd	66.22a
	7﹕3 TF	166.13a	37.31a	66.88bcd	66.87a
	7﹕3 BF	158.86ab	34.62ab	69.83bc	67.61a
	8﹕2 TF	163.90a	36.49a	65.70cd	65.95a
	8﹕2 BF	161.66ab	35.66ab	68.27bcd	65.79a
	9﹕1 TF	161.14ab	35.46ab	67.37bcd	65.01a
	9﹕1 BF	159.40ab	34.82ab	69.26bc	64.60a
	10﹕0	154.00b	32.82b	64.45d	64.56a
	F	**	*	**	ns
南粳46 NJ46	CK	104.24i		60.24a	53.91bc
	CF	185.70g	33.94a	53.31g	53.99bc
	6：4 TF	187.79f	34.83f	56.45c	55.68ab
	6：4 PF	206.24b	42.50b	54.60f	53.08c
	6：4 ETP	186.14g	34.17g	57.94b	56.59a
	7：3 TF	195.29d	37.90d	54.58f	54.99abc
	7：3 PF	210.29a	44.15a	55.31ef	52.94c
	7：3 ETP	204.14c	41.63c	56.08cd	53.40c
	8：2 TF	177.89h	30.68h	55.22ef	56.42a
	8：2 PF	191.39e	36.32e	55.44de	53.94bc
	F	**	**	**	*

肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
CK	5.32c	236.36f	107.71f	82.27b	25.36abc
CF	10.10a	363.64a	126.67e	86.93a	25.22bc
1/6	10.04a	351.52ab	131.98d	86.38a	25.09bc
2/6	10.13a	339.39bc	133.60d	88.22a	25.35abc
3/6	10.32a	333.33bc	140.13bc	88.13a	25.07bc
4/6	10.48a	321.21cd	144.93a	88.02a	25.57ab
5/6	9.44b	309.09de	141.39b	87.00a	24.85c
6/6	9.19b	290.91e	137.94c	88.38a	25.95a
F	**	**	**	**	*

肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	成熟期氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation at maturity (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (%)	氮素收获指数 Nitrogen harvest index (%)	氮素籽粒生产效率 Nitrogen grain production efficiency (kg N·kg^-1)
CK	124.02d		57.06ab	42.83a
CF	215.36abc	38.06abc	54.91bcd	46.91a
1/6	212.93abc	37.05abc	53.22cd	47.20a
2/6	219.27ab	39.69ab	56.73abc	46.27a
3/6	223.16ab	41.31ab	52.14d	46.28a
4/6	227.55a	43.14a	59.07a	46.24a
5/6	209.81bc	35.75bc	56.04abc	45.12a
6/6	203.27c	33.02c	56.29abc	46.27a
F	**	*	**	ns

肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment	抽穗期高效LAI High efficiency LAI at heading stage	抽穗期总LAI Total LAI at heading stage	库容量 Storage capacity (t·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质生产量 Dry matter production at maturity (t·hm^-2)	经济系数 Economic coefficient
CK	2.24d	4.88g	6.47d	12.29d	0.368b
CF	4.82a	7.29c	11.62ab	21.86ab	0.393ab
1/6	4.40b	6.66d	11.63ab	21.40b	0.399ab
2/6	4.98a	8.25b	11.50ab	21.50b	0.401a
3/6	4.23b	8.18b	11.71a	22.05ab	0.398ab
4/6	5.10a	9.27a	11.91a	22.33a	0.399ab
5/6	3.62c	6.20e	10.86bc	21.61ab	0.372ab
6/6	3.44c	5.71f	10.42c	19.96c	0.391ab
F	**	**	**	**	ns

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