田间增温1.5℃对高纬度粳稻产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.01.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【背景】水稻是我国最重要的口粮作物。东北稻区不仅是我国高纬度优质粳稻的重要产区,约占我国粳稻总产50%以上;也是我国气候变暖最明显区域,近半个世纪来该区年平均气温上升了1.1℃。【目的】研究气候变暖情境下东北稻区水稻产量和品质的变化,为保障我国优质粳稻生产提供参考依据。【方法】结合田间开放式远红外增温装置,设置全生育期增温1.5℃和不增温处理,分析田间开放式增温1.5℃对高纬度粳稻生育期、产量及产量构成、加工品质、外观品质、营养品质和蒸煮品质的影响。【结果】与不增温相比,2017年和2018年增温处理的水稻全生育期天数分别减少了6—7 d和4—5 d,主要表现在抽穗前天数缩短;增温处理下龙稻5号和龙稻18两年平均产量分别提高了5.8%和14.4%,其主要得益于单位面积的有效穗数增加;增温显著降低了籽粒中直链淀粉含量,但对糙米率、精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量影响不大;增温有增加水稻淀粉峰值黏度、热浆黏度和最终黏度,降低淀粉消减值的趋势,但对回生值无显著影响。【结论】基于高纬度稻区较低的背景温度,增温1.5℃对水稻产量和稻米蒸煮品质具有一定的促进作用,但未来增温幅度升高将会加大该稻区稻米品质变化的不确定性。

关键词: 粳稻, 气候变暖, 田间开放式增温, 优质, 产量, 高纬度粳稻区

Abstract:

【Background】 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop in China. An importance rice cultivation location in high latitude in China is Northeast region due to its superior production area. This region accounts for over 50% high quality japonica rice production in China. However, for nearly half a century, the annual average temperature of this region has increased by 1.1℃, making it the most obvious region of climate warming in China. 【Objective】 To ensure the continuous production of high-yielding and good quality japonica rice, it is of great significance to assess the impact of climate warming on rice yield and grain quality in the Northeast region of China. 【Method】 A 2-year field warming experiment (1.5℃) with two japonica rice cultivars (Longdao 5 and Longdao 18) employed under a free air temperature increase (FATI) facility was conducted in Harbin city, Heilongjiang province. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of elevated temperature (ET) on rice growth period, grain yield, milled quality, appearance quality, nutrient and cooking quality. 【Result】 The results of the study showed that the growth duration of rice under ET was reduced by 6-7 days and 4-5 days when compared with CK in 2017 and 2018, respectively. This was as a result of the shortened duration from the transplanting stage to heading stage. The average yield of Longdao 5 and Longdao 18 for the two-year increased by 5.8% and 14.4%, respectively, mainly due to the increase in effective panicle number per unit area. The ET significantly decreased amylose content in the rice grain, but varied slightly in-terms of brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate and protein content. The peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and cool paste viscosity increased under ET, while consistence viscosity decreased. There was no significant influence of elevated temperature on setback viscosity in both Longdao 5 and Longdao 18. 【Conclusion】 Based on the lower background air temperature, increasing temperature by 1.5℃ in the high latitude region of Northeast promoted japonica rice yield and cooking quality, however, the continued warming would increase the uncertainties of rice quality variation in the future.

Key words: Oryza sativa L., climate warming, free air temperature increase facility, high quality, yield, high latitude japonica rice planting area

邓艾兴,刘猷红,孟英,陈长青,董文军,李歌星,张俊,张卫建. 田间增温1.5℃对高纬度粳稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(1): 51-60.

DENG AiXing,LIU YouHong,MENG Ying,CHEN ChangQing,DONG WenJun,LI GeXing,ZHANG Jun,ZHANG WeiJian. Effects of 1.5℃ Field Warming on Rice Yield and Quality in High Latitude Planting Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(1): 51-60.

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年份 Year	处理Treatment	移栽至成熟 Transplanting to maturity			移栽至抽穗 Transplanting to heading stage			抽穗至成熟 Heading stage to maturity
年份 Year	处理Treatment	日均 Daily	白天 Daytime	夜间 Nighttime	日均 Daily	白天 Daytime	夜间 Nighttime	日均 Daily	白天 Daytime	夜间 Nighttime
2017	ET	23.6	26.9	20.5	24.2	27.0	21.2	23.1	26.8	19.7
	CK	22.0	25.9	18.2	23.2	26.4	19.8	21.0	25.4	16.7
	ΔT	1.6	1.0	2.3	1.0	0.6	1.4	2.1	1.4	3.0
2018	ET	22.8	24.8	20.7	24.7	25.7	21.7	22.8	23.7	19.3
	CK	21.5	23.8	19.2	23.7	24.9	20.3	21.4	22.4	17.9
	ΔT	1.3	1.0	1.4	1.0	0.8	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	播种期 SD (M-D)	移栽期 TS (M-D)	拔节期 BS (M-D)	齐穗期 HS (M-D)	成熟期 MS (M-D)	全生育期 WGD (d)	播种—齐穗 SW to HS (d)	齐穗—成熟 HS to MS (d)
2017	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	04-15	05-17	07-07	07-26	09-10	148	102	46
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	04-15	05-17	07-10	07-30	09-15	153	106	47
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	04-15	05-17	07-04	07-20	09-05	143	96	47
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	04-15	05-17	07-07	07-26	09-12	150	102	48
2018	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	04-15	05-18	07-06	07-24	09-05	143	100	43
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	04-15	05-18	07-10	07-27	09-10	148	103	45
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	04-15	05-18	07-08	07-27	09-08	146	103	43
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	04-15	05-18	07-12	07-29	09-12	150	105	45

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)	穗数 Panicles (panicle/m²)	穗粒数 Spikelet per panicle	结实率 Grain setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2017	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	9.1a	450.0a	97.9a	87.3a	23.8a
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	9.0a	430.6a	101.4a	84.7a	24.5a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	9.9a	425.0a	114.4a	85.3a	23.9a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	8.8a	391.7a	121.1a	75.3b	24.6a
2018	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	8.4a	517.5a	63.6b	95.7a	24.9a
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	7.6a	438.3b	74.4a	94.7a	23.7a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	7.9a	434.5a	70.3a	94.0a	25.7a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	6.8a	430.7a	79.7a	94.7a	24.0b
F值F-value
年份Year (Y)			17.1**	6.1*	126.0**	51.8**	1.8
品种Cultivar (C)			0	9.5**	13.6**	4.1	1.8
温度Temperature (T)			2.8	7.3*	5.4*	4.1	2.1
Y×C			0.4	0.3	3.4	2.3	0.8
Y×T			0.1	0.4	0.6	3.7	16.5**
C×T			0	1.5	0	0.8	0.3
Y×C×T			1.8	3.2	0.1	2	0.2

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice rate (%)	精米率 Milled rice rate (%)	整精米率 Head rice rate (%)	垩白粒率 Chalkness grain rate (%)	粒长 Grain length (cm)	粒宽 Grain width (cm)
2017	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	81.2a	72.5a	64.4a	7.5a	4.1a	2.5a
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	80.7a	70.3a	66.4a	7.9a	4.3a	2.6a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	80.5a	69.9a	64.5a	7.7a	5.1a	2.3a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	78.5a	66.8b	62.7a	7.2a	5.2a	2.3a
2018	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	82.9a	73.4a	70.2a	2.3a	4.2a	2.6a
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	82.9a	73.9a	68.2a	2.3a	4.2a	2.6a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	83.4a	73.2a	70.3a	2.0a	5.2a	2.4a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	82.9a	70.9a	68.8a	1.8a	5.1a	2.4a
F值F-value
年份Year (Y)			12.2**	8.2*	8.8*	212.5**	0	11.2*
品种Cultivar (C)			0.6	8.2*	2	0.8	335.3**	281.4**
温度Temperature (T)			0.9	1.2	0	0	2.4	2.1
Y×C			1.1	0.1	0	0.1	0	0.8
Y×T			0.4	1.3	0	0	3.1	6.9*
C×T			0.3	1.1	0	0.6	0.2	0.5
Y×C×T			0.1	1.9	2.1	0.2	0	0

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	峰值黏度 PKV (cP)	热浆黏度 HPV (cP)	崩解值 BDV (cP)	最终黏度 CPV (cP)	回生值 CSV (cP)	消减值 SBV (cP)	起始糊化温度 PaT (℃)
2017	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	2159a	1151a	1002a	2380a	1229a	221b	86.2a
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	1896b	1075b	820b	2267a	1192a	369a	87.7a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	2407a	1670a	732a	2855a	1185a	445b	89.6a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	2196a	1409b	785a	2690a	1281a	492a	89.3a
2018	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	ET	2505a	1215a	1289a	2432a	1217a	-72a	73.4a
	龙稻5号 Longdao 5	CK	2412a	1200a	1212a	2412a	1212a	0a	79.3a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	ET	2653a	1576a	1077a	2807a	1230a	154a	75.9a
	龙稻18 Longdao 18	CK	2623a	1538a	1085a	2798a	1260a	175a	78.4a
F值F-value
年份Year (Y)			74.5**	3.2	192.9**	3.3	0.4	208.6**	38.9**
品种Cultivar (C)			26.1**	155.2**	45.6*	137.7**	4.1	72.1**	0.8
温度Temperature (T)			11.2**	9.8**	4.3	4.7*	2.6	10.8**	1.7
Y×C			1.1	1.5	0.1	1.0	0.1	0.4	0.2
Y×T			3.9	5.2	0.4	3.1	0.4	1.3	1.0
C×T			0.4	2.8	11.3**	0.1	10.3**	3.0	0.5
Y×C×T			0.0	1.7	2.5	0.2	3.6	0.3	0.0