玉米大豆间作模式下干物质积累和产量的边际效应及其系统效益

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】间作是提高土地利用率和作物产量的重要农作措施,通过对不同行比玉米大豆间作模式中作物干物质积累速率和积累量以及产量的计算,分析2种作物干物质分配规律、种间竞争能力以及边际效应的强度和范围,探讨间作种植提高土地生产力的机理。【方法】试验以4种不同行比的玉米大豆间作（6M6S、6M3S、3M6S、3M3S）为研究对象,设置2种作物的单作（CKM、CKS）为对照,分析干物质积累分配规律、间作系统产量和生物量组成,采用每一行（依次从玉米和大豆的交接行向内记为第I行、第II行和第III行）取样的方法,计算边际效应和茎叶输出量、输出率和贡献率。【结果】在2年试验中,4个间作处理的玉米单株干物质积累量均高于CKM,其中6M6S、3M6S处理的大豆单株干物质积累量高于CKS。间作提高了玉米全生育期和大豆分枝前期、分枝后期、鼓粒期、成熟期时的干物质积累速率。2年试验中,6M6S、6M3S、3M6S和3M3S处理的玉米产量分别达到CKM的73.9%、88.7%、52.8%、65.5%,大豆产量分别达到CKS的26.1%、11.3%、47.2%、34.5%,其产量土地当量比（LER_YMS）分别为1.31、1.23、1.33、1.13,玉米对大豆的产量种间相对竞争力分别为0.44、0.47、0.45、0.46。间作提高了玉米I行、II行和III行,大豆II行和III行的干物质积累速率与积累量,而降低了I行大豆的干物质积累速率和积累量。2年试验中,间作玉米的I行、II行、III行的单株产量分别为CKM的151.43%、138.51%、130.83%,间作大豆的I行、II行、III行的单株产量分别为CKS的90.22%,104.16%、109.03%。2年试验中作物茎叶干物质积累量均在吐丝期（盛花期）达到最大值,各处理的玉米叶、玉米茎、大豆茎叶的输出量平均分别为15.70 g/plant、27.64 g/plant、7.43 g/plant,输出率平均分别为22.80%、44.23%、19.61%,贡献率平均分别为14.99%、26.28%、27.79%。【结论】玉米和大豆间作提高了作物干物质积累量和产量,提高了茎叶干物质输出量,提高了土地当量比,其中玉米的贡献大于大豆。不同行比配置对间作的边际效应有影响,间作玉米中I、II、III行的干物质积累量和产量依次降低,间作大豆则依次升高。相比于其他间作处理,3M6S处理土地当量比最高,是最有利于发挥间作优势,提高土地利用率的间作模式。

关键词: 玉米大豆间作, 边际效应, 干物质积累, 产量, 土地当量比

Abstract:

【Objective】The study was carried to explore the intensity and extent of marginal effect in the maize-soybean intercropping system and the effect on two crops, and to investigate the aggressivity between two crops and the marginal effects of each line, so as to provide a base for the mechanism of maize-soybean intercropping in the increase of land productive on dry matter accumulation and land equivalent ratio (LER). 【Method】 Field experiment consisted of maize-soybean intercropping system (6M6S, 6M3S, 3M6S, and 3M3S), sole maize (CKM) and sole soybean (CKS), and each row (marked I, II and III) of 4 intercropping treatments has been sampled. The dry matter accumulation and the composite of biomass and yield were measured, and the marginal effects of each crop lines were also calculated. 【Result】A two-year experiment showed that the maize dry matter accumulation of intercropping treatments including 6M6S, 6M3S, 3M6S, and 3M3S was higher than that of CKM, and the soybean dry matter accumulation of 6M6S and 3M6S was higher than that of CKS. Compared with the monoculture treatment, intercropping treatment increased the dry matter accumulation rates of the whole growth period of maize and the early-branching, late branching, filling and maturity stage of soybean. During these two years, the yield of maize under 6M6S, 6M3S, 3M6S and 3M3S accounted for 73.9%, 88.7%, 52.8% and 65.5% of CKM and the yield of soybean accounted for 26.1%, 11.3%, 47.2% and 34.5% of CKS, respectively; The LER_YMS of them were 1.31, 1.23, 1.33 and 1.13, and the aggressivity of maize relative to soybean were 0.44, 0.47, 0.45 and 0.46 in average, respectively. The I, II, and III rows in intercropped maize and the II and III rows in intercropped soybean produced more dry matter accumulation and rate than the respective monoculture of maize and soybean, but the intercropping treatment decreased the dry matter accumulation and rate of I row soybean. During these two years, the per plant yield of maize in I, II, and III rows were 151.43%, 138.51% and 130.83% of CKM, respectively, and the per plant yield of soybean in I, II, and III rows were 90.22%,104.16% and 109.03% of CKS, respectively. The stem and leaf dry matter of crops reached the maximum at silking stage (flowering stage) in two years experiment, the remobilization of maize leaf, maize stem, and soybean stem and leaf were 15.70 g/plant, 27.64 g/plant and 7.43 g/plant, and the efficiency rates of them were 22.80%, 44.23%, 19.61%, and the conversion rates were 14.99%, 26.28%, and 27.79%, respectively. 【Conclusion】The intercropping of maize and soybean increased the dry matter accumulation and yield of crops, the remobilization of leaf and stem, and increased LER, in which maize contributed more than soybean. The marginal effect of intercropping was affected by different row ratios. The dry matter accumulation and yield of I, II, and III rows in intercropped maize were decreasing, and it was increasing in intercropped soybean. In this experiment, the 3M6S intercrop pattern was the most lucrative system, and it had the highest LER and marginal advantage.

Key words: maize and soybean intercropping, marginal effect, dry matter remobilization, yield, land equivalent ratio

赵德强,李彤,侯玉婷,元晋川,廖允成. 玉米大豆间作模式下干物质积累和产量的边际效应及其系统效益[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(10): 1971-1985.

ZHAO DeQiang,LI Tong,HOU YuTing,YUAN JinChuan,LIAO YunCheng. Benefits and Marginal Effect of Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield in Maize and Soybean Intercropping Patterns[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(10): 1971-1985.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量土地当量比LER_YMS			产量种间相对竞争力A_YMS			生物量土地当量比LER_BMS			生物量种间相对竞争力A_BMS
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	LER_YMS	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	A_YMS	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	LER_BMS	玉米 Maize	大豆 Soybean	A_BMS
2017	6M6S	0.77	0.56	1.33b	1.43	1.04	0.39c	0.73	0.53	1.26a	1.47	1.05	0.42c
	6M3S	1.02	0.27	1.30c	1.42	0.76	0.66a	0.93	0.26	1.20b	1.40	0.79	0.61a
	3M6S	0.55	0.81	1.36a	1.53	1.14	0.39c	0.51	0.76	1.27a	1.53	1.14	0.38c
	3M3S	0.72	0.46	1.18d	1.34	0.86	0.48b	0.67	0.42	1.09c	1.34	0.84	0.50b
2018	6M6S	0.76	0.52	1.28ab	1.53	1.04	0.49ab	0.72	0.53	1.25a	1.44	1.07	0.38a
	6M3S	0.83	0.32	1.15b	1.24	0.97	0.28c	0.84	0.26	1.10b	1.26	1.06	0.20b
	3M6S	0.55	0.75	1.30a	1.64	1.13	0.51a	0.51	0.76	1.27a	1.52	1.13	0.39a
	3M3S	0.64	0.43	1.07c	1.28	0.85	0.43b	0.67	0.42	1.09b	1.33	0.89	0.44a

行号 Number	处理 Treatment	2017						2018
行号 Number	处理 Treatment	V4	R1	R7	输出量 Remobilization amount (g/plant)	输出率 Remobilization efficiency (%)	贡献率 Conversion rate (%)	V3	V6	V12	R1	R3	R7	输出量 Remobilization amount (g/plant)	输出率 Remobilization efficiency (%)	贡献率 Conversion rate (%)
I	6M6S	19.11	77.67	58.18	19.49	25.1	16.5	1.04	15.31	59.93	76.45	81.44	64.15	17.29	21.2	15.0
	6M3S	21.19	69.96	50.89	19.06	27.3	15.7	1.10	17.81	56.65	78.55	77.17	60.72	16.45	21.3	15.0
	3M6S	18.55	73.51	57.65	15.87	21.6	12.8	1.07	19.74	46.95	88.17	87.82	67.93	19.89	22.7	16.9
	3M3S	16.55	68.32	55.44	12.88	18.9	11.8	1.30	14.66	48.41	67.41	65.63	49.05	16.58	25.3	15.1
	均值Mean	18.85	72.37	55.54	16.83	23.3	14.2	1.13	16.88	52.98	77.64	78.01	60.46	17.55	22.5	15.5
II	6M6S	17.86	64.55	52.13	12.42	19.2	10.9	0.97	15.25	55.72	69.62	70.42	59.53	10.88	15.5	10.1
	6M3S	20.85	57.13	45.88	11.25	19.7	10.7	1.26	16.23	48.77	68.05	66.93	51.98	14.95	22.3	17.2
	3M6S	20.48	70.89	51.39	19.50	27.5	16.5	1.18	18.44	42.43	81.97	83.64	62.99	20.65	24.7	19.3
	3M3S	15.54	61.05	45.39	15.65	25.6	15.1	0.81	15.49	45.27	69.17	70.21	49.53	20.67	29.4	22.1
	均值Mean	18.68	63.40	48.70	14.71	23.2	13.3	1.05	16.35	48.05	72.20	72.80	56.01	16.79	23.1	17.0
III	6M6S	15.36	60.57	49.23	11.34	18.7	10.5	1.01	14.75	55.95	66.19	64.77	50.59	14.18	21.9	14.9
	6M3S	17.14	59.00	48.05	10.95	18.6	9.8	0.84	21.79	45.62	60.01	66.37	49.33	17.04	25.7	20.0
	均值Mean	16.68	61.00	47.84	13.16	21.6	12.0	0.93	17.09	48.72	66.89	68.54	51.37	17.17	25.1	19.1
CKM	CKM	16.23	52.66	41.82	10.84	20.6	13.6	1.04	15.49	40.23	56.29	57.96	42.40	15.56	26.8	19.1

行号 Number	处理 Treatment	2017					2018
行号 Number	处理 Treatment	R1	R7	输出量Remobilization amount (g/plant)	输出率Remobilization efficiency (%)	贡献率Conversion rate (%)	V12	R1	R3	R7	输出量Remobilization amount (g/plant)	输出率Remobilization efficiency (%)	贡献率 Conversion rate (%)
I	6M6S	72.05	39.71	32.34	44.9	27.3	25.77	75.14	50.82	41.62	33.52	44.6	29.1
	6M3S	61.59	35.31	26.28	42.7	21.7	24.36	67.01	45.05	35.35	31.66	47.3	28.9
	3M6S	66.10	32.40	33.70	51.0	27.1	20.19	70.98	54.59	32.97	38.01	53.5	32.3
	3M3S	56.75	34.82	21.93	38.6	20.1	20.82	57.59	39.17	35.88	21.70	37.7	19.8
	均值Mean	64.12	35.56	28.56	44.5	24.2	22.78	67.68	47.40	36.45	31.22	46.2	27.6
II	6M6S	67.42	37.60	29.82	44.2	26.1	23.96	65.28	39.24	37.07	28.20	43.2	26.3
	6M3S	55.59	24.45	31.14	56.0	29.6	20.97	59.01	31.03	21.86	37.15	63.0	42.7
	3M6S	65.27	36.91	28.36	43.5	23.9	18.24	72.28	47.49	38.69	33.58	46.5	31.4
	3M3S	55.82	37.05	18.77	33.6	18.1	19.47	55.75	40.81	38.19	17.56	31.5	18.8
	均值Mean	61.03	34.00	27.02	44.3	24.5	20.66	63.08	39.64	33.95	29.12	46.2	29.5
III	6M6S	62.14	37.17	24.97	40.2	23.1	24.06	65.86	40.03	36.97	28.89	43.9	30.4
	6M3S	59.96	35.45	24.51	40.9	22.0	19.62	54.25	35.31	31.14	23.10	42.6	27.2
	均值Mean	59.74	35.92	23.82	39.9	21.7	21.84	59.73	38.95	35.06	24.67	41.3	27.4
CKM	CKM	52.51	30.90	21.62	41.2	27.2	17.30	50.17	38.78	27.29	22.88	45.6	28.1

行号 Number	处理 Treatment	2017						2018
行号 Number	处理 Treatment	V4	R2	R7	输出量Remobilization amount (g/plant)	输出率Remobilization efficiency (%)	贡献率Conversion rate (%)	V3	V4	V5	R2	R5	R7	输出量 Remobilization amount (g/plant)	输出率 Remobilization efficiency (%)	贡献率 Conversion rate (%)
I	6M6S	9.18	29.23	22.95	6.28	21.5	28.1	1.02	9.11	17.46	28.42	32.92	25.80	7.12	21.6	29.2
	6M3S	8.43	26.23	21.78	4.45	17.0	22.8	1.11	9.47	20.78	23.33	33.59	26.58	7.01	20.9	24.3
	3M6S	8.17	40.39	31.19	9.20	22.8	32.9	0.99	8.57	27.98	37.23	41.81	35.89	5.92	14.2	16.3
	3M3S	7.07	23.35	20.07	3.28	14.1	18.2	0.97	8.82	19.52	25.07	30.88	26.03	4.85	15.7	16.9
	均值Mean	8.21	29.80	24.00	5.80	19.5	26.4	1.02	8.99	21.44	28.51	34.80	28.58	6.22	17.9	21.1
II	6M6S	9.63	48.38	38.66	9.72	20.1	35.4	0.88	8.34	21.28	32.33	47.83	37.59	10.24	21.4	29.1
	6M3S	10.07	51.25	38.16	13.10	25.6	66.6	1.14	9.28	21.80	27.21	46.23	33.78	12.45	26.9	34.2
	3M6S	11.07	45.35	36.90	8.45	18.6	31.1	1.10	8.02	24.73	32.39	42.25	37.32	4.93	11.7	13.1
	3M3S	7.92	30.00	25.18	4.82	16.1	21.3	1.09	9.95	21.47	24.23	32.38	24.58	7.80	24.1	29.5
	均值Mean	9.67	43.75	34.72	9.02	20.6	37.3	1.05	8.90	22.32	29.04	42.17	33.32	8.85	21.0	26.1
III	6M6S	10.40	44.20	35.89	8.30	18.8	34.1	1.07	9.21	20.94	31.71	42.71	33.09	9.62	22.5	29.5
	3M6S	8.96	31.14	24.08	7.07	22.7	27.4	1.26	9.33	19.28	21.56	33.05	27.47	5.58	16.9	22.5
	均值Mean	9.24	37.27	29.97	7.30	19.6	29.1	1.12	9.35	21.00	26.64	37.58	29.61	7.96	21.2	27.7
CKS	CKS	8.37	35.02	27.94	7.08	20.2	29.8	1.01	8.95	20.38	28.62	34.41	28.87	5.54	16.1	18.3