耕作、施氮和密度及其互作对旱地春玉米土壤水分及产量形成的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区属于雨养农业区,水分亏缺为主要限制因素,因此,有必要筛选适于黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区春玉米综合栽培模式,从而提高旱地春玉米水分利用效率和产量。【方法】 2017—2018年玉米生长季,探讨不同耕作方式（翻耕、免耕、深松）、施氮（0、150、225 kg·hm^-2）和种植密度（52 500、67 500 株/hm²）对春玉米田土壤水分动态、水分利用效率、春玉米生长、产量及其构成因素的互作效应,提高玉米综合生产力。【结果】（1）2017—2018年春玉米播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均表现为免耕>深松>翻耕,2年平均免耕与深松播种期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量较翻耕分别提高6.1%和4.1%。2年春玉米水分利用效率均在深松高密高氮（STH2）处理最高。（2）深松与免耕处理较翻耕处理显著提高叶面积指数与干物质积累量,随密度与施氮量的增加,春玉米叶面积指数与干物质积累随之增加,耕作×密度对拔节、抽雄期叶面积指数有显著影响,密度×施氮对灌浆中期叶面积指数有显著影响。STH2处理下,玉米成熟期干物质积累量较其他处理提高3.3%—32.9%。（3）穗粒数和百粒重与施氮呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,深松与免耕处理玉米产量显著高于翻耕。STH2处理产量最高,2017年STH2产量较其他处理增幅为1.4%—63.3%;2018年增幅为2.9%—39.6%。【结论】在黄土旱塬半湿润易旱区,深松耕配施150—225 kg·hm^-2施氮量与67 500株/hm²种植密度,不仅可以提高春玉米水分利用效率,还可获得较高的玉米产量效益;免耕配施225 kg·hm^-2施氮量与67 500株/hm²种植密度,可获得较高的经济效益。

关键词: 旱地春玉米, 耕作, 施氮, 密度, 水分利用效率, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The semi-humid and arid areas on the Loess Plateau belong to rain-fed agricultural areas, in which water deficit is the main limiting factor for agricultural production. Therefore, a comprehensive cultivation mode of spring maize suitable for semi-humid and drought-prone areas on the Loess Plateau was screened to improve maize water use efficiency and yield. 【Method】During the 2017 and 2018 maize growing season, the effects of different tillage methods (conventional tillage, no-tillage, and subsoil tillage), nitrogen application (0, 150, and 225 kg·hm^-2) and planting density (52 500 and 67 500 plants/hm²) on soil water dynamics, water use efficiency, crop growth, yield and its components in spring maize field were analyzed to improve the comprehensive utilization of maize. 【Result】 (1)The soil water storage (0-200 cm) of spring maize before sowing in 2017and 2018 showed the trend of NT>ST>CT, which under NT and ST increased by 6.1% and 4.1% than that under CT, respectively. In addition, water use efficiency was the highest under STH2 treatment during two consecutive years. (2) Compared with conventional tillage treatment, subsoiling and no-tillage treatment significantly increased leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation. LAI and dry matter accumulation of spring maize increased with the increase of density and nitrogen rates. The tillage×density interaction had significant effect on LAI at jointing and tasseling stages, and the effect of density×fertilization interaction had significant effect on LAI at filling stage. Compared with other treatments, the dry matter accumulation of STH2 treatment in maturity stage increased significantly by 3.3% -32.9%. (3)There was a significant positive correlation between nitrogen application and the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight; the maize yield under subsoiling and no-tillage treatment was significantly higher than that under conventional tillage, among which the yield under STH2 treatment was the highest, and compared with other treatments, the maize yield under STH2 treatment increased by 1.4%-63.3% in 2017 and 2.9%-39.6% in 2018. 【Conclusion】Under the condition of subsoiling tillage, applying 150-225 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen and 67 500 plants/hm² planting density could not only improve water use efficiency of spring maize, but also obtain higher yield benefit, no-tillage, applying 225 kg·hm^-2nitrogen and 67 500 plants/hm² planting density could get the high economic benefit.

Key words: spring maize in dryland, tillage, nitrogen application, density, water use efficiency, yield

李敖,张元红,温鹏飞,王瑞,董朝阳,宁芳,李军. 耕作、施氮和密度及其互作对旱地春玉米土壤水分及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(10): 1959-1970.

LI Ao,ZHANG YuanHong,WEN PengFei,WANG Rui,DONG ZhaoYang,NING Fang,LI Jun. Effects of Tillage, Nitrogen Application, Planting Density and Their Interaction on Soil Moisture and Yield Formation of Spring Maize in Dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(10): 1959-1970.

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耕作Tillage	施肥Fertilization	密度Density	处理Treatments
CT	Z	D1	CTZ1
	L		CTL1
	H		CTH1
NT	Z		NTZ1
	L		NTL1
	H		NTH1
ST	Z		STZ1
	L		STL1
	H		STH1
CT	Z	D2	CTZ2
	L		CTL2
	H		CTH2
NT	Z		NTZ2
	L		NTL2
	H		NTH2
ST	Z		STZ2
	L		STL2
	H		STH2

指标 Indicator		耕作 Tillage (T)	密度 Density (D)	施氮 Fertilization (F)	耕作×密度 T×D	耕作×施氮 T×F	密度×施氮 D×F	耕作×密度×施氮 T×D×F
土壤蓄水量及水分利用效率 Soil water content and WUE	播种期蓄水量 Soil water storage at sowing	<0.001	0.870	0.913	0.010	0.170	0.148	0.006
	成熟期蓄水量 Soil water storage at maturity	0.714	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.005	<0.001
	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.012	0.014	<0.001	0.005
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	拔节期叶面积指数 LAI at jointing stage	0.002	0.001	0.005	0.007	0.007	0.048	0.294
	抽雄期叶面积指数 LAI at tasseling stage	0.045	<0.001	<0.001	0.010	0.748	0.380	0.660
	灌浆中期叶面积指数 LAI at mid-filling stage	0.612	0.005	0.003	0.317	0.838	0.003	0.996
干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation	抽雄期干物质积累 Biomass at tasseling stage	0.012	<0.001	<0.001	0.152	0.020	<0.001	0.287
干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation	成熟期干物质积累 Total biomass at maturity stage	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	<0.001	0.060	0.007
产量及构成因素 Yield and components	穗数Ear number	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.704	0.002	0.015
	穗粒数Grains per ear	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.002	0.704	0.415
	百粒重100-kernel weight	0.16	0.001	<0.001	0.512	0.017	0.764	0.028
	产量Yield	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.016	0.011	0.018	0.028
	收获指数HI	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.002	0.704	0.415

处理 Treatment	总投入 Total cost	产量收入Yield income		纯收益Return
处理 Treatment	总投入 Total cost	2017	2018	2017	2018
CTZ1	9355	2469	11242	-6886c	1887c
CTZ2	9455	3613	12150	-5842ab	2695b
CTL1	9845	3674	12619	-6171b	2774b
CTL2	9945	4755	13334	-5190a	3389ab
CTH1	10135	3162	14472	-6973c	4337a
CTH2	10235	5318	14813	-4917a	4603a
NTZ1	8680	2814	10710	-5866c	2030d
NTZ2	8780	3944	13773	-4836b	4993c
NTL1	9170	4285	14578	-4885b	5408b
NTL2	9270	5779	15181	-3491a	5911b
NTH1	9460	4069	15301	-5391c	5841b
NTH2	9560	6298	17218	-3262a	7658a
STZ1	9430	3450	11376	-5980c	1946c
STZ2	9530	4589	13576	-4941b	4046b
STL1	9920	5008	14469	-4912	4549b
STL2	10020	6683	16232	-3337a	6212ab
STH1	10210	5699	14813	-4511b	4603b
STH2	10310	6733	17723	-3577a	7413a