黄土高原旱地秋覆膜及氮肥秋基春追比例对春玉米产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.03.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究玉米秋冬闲期地膜覆盖保墒及优化氮肥秋基春追比例，为抗旱保苗及合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】采用秋季与春季地膜覆盖对比试验（1999—2010年），监测0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水效率及不同降水年型产量变化。开展氮肥管理试验（2001—2003年），分析氮肥不同基、追肥比例的玉米籽粒产量和关键营养品质。【结果】秋覆膜春播玉米播前1 m土层多贮水36.7 mm，土壤蓄水效率为78.4%，产量和水分利用效率（WUE）达到11 149.8 kg•hm-2、33.1 kg•hm-2•mm-1，较春季地膜覆盖分别提高16.7%、14.9%。秋覆膜且氮总量（180 kg•hm-2）一定时，即秋季基施72 kg N•hm-2、春季追施108 kg N•hm-2 ，玉米WUE和籽粒蛋白质含量最高。【结论】旱地玉米采用秋覆膜栽培可显著提高土壤蓄水效率和作物水分利用效率。兼顾玉米产量和目标品质的最佳氮肥施肥比例为秋季基施氮占总量的40%—60%，剩余量春季追施可以达到品质与产量同步提高，抗逆增产保优。

关键词: 旱地, 春玉米, 秋覆膜, 氮肥秋基春追肥比例, 籽粒产量, 营养品质

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of this study was to provide principal evidence for combating drought and protecting the seedlings of spring maize based on experiments of soil water conservation by autumn film mulching and N application as basal fertilizer in autumn and dressing in spring. 【Method】 Experiments of two plastic film application models of autumn and spring mulching and N management were conducted in Loess Plateau dry highland from 1999 to 2010 and from 2001 to 2003, respectively. Water storage efficiency in 0-200 cm soil layers, the maize yields and the key quality were analyzed. 【Result】 The experimental results showed that autumn plastic film mulching could significantly improve soil wate storge efficiency compared with that of spring mulching. The soil water storage capacity of autumn mulching was 36.7 mm more than that of spring mulching, soil water storage efficiency achieved 78.4%. And maize yield and water use efficient (WUE) was 11 149.8 kg?hm-2 and 33.1 kg?hm-2?mm-1, improved by 16.7 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively. For a fixed amount of N application of 180 kg?hm-2, the WUE and grain proteins content under the combination of 72 kg?hm-2 autumn basal dressing and 108 kg?hm-2 spring top dressing were the highest. 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of these experiments, in dry highland of Loess Plateau, autumn plastic film mulching had significant effects on spring maize yield, WUE and soil storage efficiency. The optimization of N fertilizer can increase maize grain yield and get good key nutrient quality synchronously.

Key words: dryland, spring maize, autumn plastic film mulching, N ratio of base fertilizer to top dressing, grain yield, , nutritional quality

王勇, 宋尚有, 樊廷录, 高育峰. 黄土高原旱地秋覆膜及氮肥秋基春追比例对春玉米产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(3): 460-`470.

WANG Yong, SONG Shang-You, FAN Ting-Lu, GAO Yu-Feng. Effects of Film Mulching and Different Ratios of Base Nitrogen to Dressing on Yield and Key Quality of Spring Maize in Dryland of the Loess Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(3): 460-`470.

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