不同滴灌模式对东北春播玉米籽粒淀粉积累及淀粉相关酶活性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.07.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探明不同滴灌模式对春玉米籽粒淀粉积累及淀粉合成相关酶活性的影响,为提高春玉米产量提供理论指导。【方法】以农华101为试验材料,采用裂区试验,主处理为滴灌模式,设膜下滴灌和浅埋滴灌2种,副处理为灌水量,设传统灌水量40%（W1：1 440 m³·hm^-2）、传统灌水量50%（W2：1 800 m³·hm^-2）和传统灌水量60%（W3：2 160 m³·hm^-2）3 个水平,于苗期—拔节期、拔节期—大喇叭口期、大喇叭口期—吐丝期、吐丝期—乳熟期、乳熟期—收获按照1﹕2﹕2﹕3﹕2比例滴灌。吐丝后20 d开始,每7 d取玉米籽粒1次,采用酸水解-DNS法测定玉米籽粒中总淀粉含量,采用淀粉合成酶试剂盒测定腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）活性,研究玉米籽粒产量、淀粉积累量特征及AGPase、GBSS、SSS酶活性变化。【结果】2019—2020年春玉米有效穗数和穗粒数两种模式间差异不显著, W1处理浅埋滴灌千粒重和产量低于膜下滴灌,W2处理二者无显著性差异,W3处理显著高于膜下滴灌,其中产量分别高5.7%和8.4%,千粒重分别高11.9%、12.1%。方差分析表明,灌水量、滴灌模式和灌水量与滴灌模式互作对千粒重影响差异达显著、极显著水平,年份、灌水量及灌水量与滴灌模式互作对籽粒产量影响达到显著或极显著水平。W1处理浅埋滴灌籽粒淀粉含量和积累量低于膜下滴灌,W2处理从吐丝后20 d起浅埋滴灌低于膜下滴灌,吐丝后55 d二者差异不显著,W3处理吐丝41 d前低于膜下滴灌,随生育进程差异减小,吐丝后55 d显著高于膜下滴灌。3个灌水量下浅埋滴灌的籽粒淀粉活跃积累期较膜下滴灌时间长,且籽粒淀粉积累达到最大速率的时间较膜下滴灌时间延后。活跃积累期对淀粉最终积累量影响系数最大,其次为达到最大速率的时间,生育后期淀粉积累速率与籽粒淀粉总积累量极显著相关、与产量显著相关。浅埋滴灌下吐丝后20—27 d AGPase、GBSS和SSS 3种酶活性3个灌水量下均低于膜下滴灌,随生育进程推移差异减小,从吐丝后48 d起W3处理高于膜下滴灌,吐丝后55 d W1和W2处理亦高于膜下滴灌。除W1处理下籽粒淀粉积累速率与AGPase焦磷酸化酶无显著性相关外,其他处理籽粒淀粉积累速率与AGPase、GBSS、SSS酶活性呈显著性正相关。【结论】在传统灌水量60%时,浅埋滴灌下春玉米籽粒灌浆后期淀粉合成相关酶（AGPase、GBSS、SSS酶）活性强、淀粉活跃积累期延长,淀粉积累能力增强,千粒重增加,籽粒产量最高。浅埋滴灌优化灌溉可通过提高籽粒灌浆后期淀粉合成酶活性,增强淀粉积累能力,进而增加粒重、提高产量,达到节水增效的目的。

关键词: 滴灌模式, 春玉米, 籽粒, 酶活性, 淀粉积累

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different drip irrigation modes on starch accumulation and starch synthesis-related enzyme activities of spring maize, so as to provide a physiological basis for the understanding of the yield formation process in maize under the water-saving conditions. 【Method】 Using maize variety Nonghua 101 as the experimental material, a sub-plot design was selected for this experiment, and two irrigation modes were chosen as the main plot, including mulched drip irrigation (MDI) and shallow drip irrigation (SBDI), and the irrigation amount as the sub-plot included three irrigation levels (W1: 1 440 m³·hm^-2; W2: 1 800 m³·hm^-2; W3: 2 160 m³·hm^-2, which equaled to the amount of 40%, 50% and 60% of the traditional irrigation, respectively). The amount and time of drip irrigation was conducted at the ratio of 1﹕2﹕2﹕3﹕2 for seedling stage to jointing stage, jointing stage to big bell mouth, big bell mouth to silking stage, silking stage to milk stage, and milk stage to harvest stage, respectively. The corn kernels were taken at every 7 days from 20 days after silking. The content of total starch in maize kernel was determined by acid hydrolysis DNS method. The starch synthase activity assay kit was used to determine the activity of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyro phosphorylase (ADPase), bound starch synthase (GBSS), and soluble starch synthase (SSS). On basis of that, the maize grain yield, characteristics of starch accumulation, and the changes enzyme activity of ADPase, GBSS and SSS were investigaged. 【Result】There was no significant difference between effective panicle number and grain number per panicle of the two irrigation modes, and the 1000-grain weight and grain yield in shallow drip irrigation was lower than that of mulched drip irrigation under the treatment of W1, but no significant difference were found under the treatment of W2. The grain yield and 1000-grain weight in shallow drip irrigation were 5.7% and 8.4% higher in grain yield, and 11.9% and 12.1% higher in 1000-grain weight than that in mulched drip irrigation under treatment W3 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation amount, drip irrigation mode and the interaction between irrigation amount and drip irrigation mode had a significant effects (P<0.01 or P<0.001) on 1000 grain weight, and the interaction between years, irrigation amount and drip irrigation mode had a significant effects (P<0.01 or P<0.001) on grain yield. Considering the content and accumulation of starch in grain, the shallow drip irrigation were both lower than that of mulched drip irrigation of W1, and W2 was lower than mulched drip irrigation in 20 days after silking, while no significant difference in 55 days after silking; W3 was lower than mulched drip irrigation in 41 days after silking, while higher than in 55 days after silking. Under the three irrigation amounts, the active accumulation period of starch in grain under shallow drip irrigation was longer than that of mulched drip irrigation, and the time for grain starch accumulation to reach the maximum rate was later than that of shallow drip irrigation. Active accumulation period of starch had the highest influence coefficient on the final accumulation of starch, then was the time of maximum rate. The starch accumulation rate in the late growth stage was highly correlated with the total starch accumulation in grains (P<0.001) and the yield (P<0.01). The activity of ADPase, GBSS and SSS in shallow drip irrigation were lower that of mulched drip irrigation in 20-27 d after silking, while the difference was reducing along with the maize growth; The three enzyme activity were higher under W3 than that of mulched drip irrigation at 48 days after silking, and also under W1 and W2 at 55 days after silking. Except no relationship of accumulation rate of grain starch and activity of ADPase under W1, the accumulation rate of grain starch showed a significantly positive relation with the activities of ADPase, GBSS and SSS under other treatments. 【Conclusion】With the 60% of the traditional irrigation amount in shallow drip irrigation, it showed a higher activity of ADPase, GBSS and SSS at the late filling stage and a longer active starch accumulation period, also enhanced the ability of starch accumulation and increased 1000-grain weight, and possessed the highest maize grain yield. The shallow drip irrigation could increase the activity of the maize starch synthases, enhance the ability of starch accumulation, then increased grain weight and yield, and finally reached the purpose of water-saving and efficiency-improvement.

Key words: drip irrigation modes, spring maize, grain, enzyme activity, starch accumulation

张家桦,杨恒山,张玉芹,李从锋,张瑞富,邰继承,周阳晨. 不同滴灌模式对东北春播玉米籽粒淀粉积累及淀粉相关酶活性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(7): 1332-1345.

ZHANG JiaHua,YANG HengShan,ZHANG YuQin,LI CongFeng,ZHANG RuiFu,TAI JiCheng,ZHOU YangChen. Effects of Different Drip Irrigation Modes on Starch Accumulation and Activities of Starch Synthesis-Related Enzyme of Spring Maize Grain in Northeast China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(7): 1332-1345.

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处理 Treatment		各生育时期灌水量 Irrigation amount in each growth period (m³·hm^-2)					总灌水量 Total irrigation amount
处理 Treatment		苗期—拔节期 Seedling stage- Jointing stage	拔节期—大喇叭口期 Jointing stage- Flare opening stage	大喇叭口期—吐丝期 Flare opening stage- Silking stage	吐丝期—乳熟期 Silking stage- Milk maturity	乳熟期—收获期 Milk maturity- Harvest period	总灌水量 Total irrigation amount
W1	膜下滴灌MDI	144	288	288	432	288	1440
W1	浅埋滴灌SBDI	144	288	288	432	288	1440
W2	膜下滴灌MDI	180	360	360	540	360	1800
W2	浅埋滴灌SBDI	180	360	360	540	360	1800
W3	膜下滴灌MDI	216	432	432	648	432	2160
W3	浅埋滴灌SBDI	216	432	432	648	432	2160

年份 Year	处理 Irrigation method		有效穗数 Effective spike (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Gain number per spike	千粒重 1000 grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2019	W1	膜下滴灌MDI	6.6814±0.061b	473.95±4.213ab	374.97±6.538c	11.89±0.139b
	W1	浅埋滴灌SBDI	6.6725±0.061b	472.15±4.197b	356.64±9.596d	11.11±0.207c
	W2	膜下滴灌MDI	6.8719±0.063a	475.66±4.228ab	388.32±10.449bc	12.26±0.544b
	W2	浅埋滴灌SBDI	6.8961±0.063a	472.62±4.201b	378.43±10.183bc	12.04±0.557b
	W3	膜下滴灌MDI	6.9359±0.064a	480.62±4.272a	393.03±10.575b	12.53±0.085b
	W3	浅埋滴灌SBDI	6.9281±0.063a	476.37±4.234ab	446.17±12.005a	13.28±0.361a
2020	W1	膜下滴灌MDI	6.9300±0.064a	479.16±4.259b	375.46±10.103c	11.67±0.316b
	W1	浅埋滴灌SBDI	6.9280±0.064a	475.78±4.229b	356.46±9.591d	11.03±0.295c
	W2	膜下滴灌MDI	6.8410±0.063a	489.81±4.354a	395.15±10.632b	12.37±0.561b
	W2	浅埋滴灌SBDI	6.9120±0.063a	487.94±4.337a	383.88±10.329bc	12.12±0.342b
	W3	膜下滴灌MDI	6.9310±0.064a	493.56±4.387a	397.53±10.696b	12.85±0.510b
	W3	浅埋滴灌SBDI	6.9355±0.064a	490.86±4.363a	452.50±12.176a	14.02±0.351a

源 Source	千粒重 1000-grain weight		产量 Yield
源 Source	F	P	F	P
年份 Year (A)	1.285	0.268	4.877	0.037
灌水量 Irrigation volume (B)	91.730	0.000	49.252	0.000
滴灌模式 Drip irrigation mode (C)	5.770	0.024	0.026	0.874
年份×灌水量A×B	0.300	0.744	0.953	0.400
年份×滴灌模式A×C	0.000	0.992	0.229	0.637
灌水量×滴灌模式B×C	44.674	0.000	15.906	0.000
年份×灌水量×滴灌模式A×B×C	0.020	0.980	0.372	0.724

处理 Treatment		籽粒淀粉积累方程 Equation of starch accumulation in grain	活跃积累期 Active accumulation period (d)	最大积累速率 Maximum rate of accumulation (g·d^-1)	平均积累速率 Average rate of accumulation (g·d^-1)	达到最大速率的时间 Time to reach maximum velocity (d)	R²
W1	膜下滴灌MDI	y=0.243659/(1+129.895×e^-0.234907t)^0.657312	18.06	1.23608	0.633045	18.9315	0.995
W1	浅埋滴灌SBDI	y=0.214038/(1+126.942×e^-0.232139t)^0.793003	19.43	1.15071	0.539682	19.8665	0.994
W2	膜下滴灌MDI	y=0.246778/(1+190.999×e^-0.246529t)^0.600757	18.17	1.26721	0.651644	19.2379	0.994
W2	浅埋滴灌SBDI	y=0.250457/(1+64.3241×e^-0.206384t)^0.971553	19.99	1.28076	0.591956	20.0359	0.993
W3	膜下滴灌MDI	y=0.261923/(1+70.8877×e^-0.210563t)^0.751041	18.26	1.26044	0.647571	18.877	0.992
W3	浅埋滴灌SBDI	y=0.313065/(1+281.947×e^-0.244806t)^0.739513	21.25	1.76071	0.784787	21.813	0.998

变量 Variable	直接系数 Direct coefficient	X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6
X1	2.6396		2.6112	1.9411	-0.7934	-1.8436	2.3242
X2	2.6254	2.6396		-1.8512	0.8148	1.7085	-2.3939
X3	-2.7222	2.6396	2.6254		-0.2599	-1.8967	1.0063
X4	0.9173	2.6396	2.6254	-2.7222		-1.1674	2.5279
X5	-2.3799	2.6396	2.6254	-2.7222	0.9173		-1.3152
X6	2.5594	2.6396	2.6254	-2.7222	0.9173	-2.3799