中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (14): 3065-3076.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.012
刘朋召(),周栋,郭星宇,于琦,张元红,李昊昱,张琦,王旭敏,王小利,王瑞,李军(
)
收稿日期:
2020-08-27
接受日期:
2020-10-14
出版日期:
2021-07-16
发布日期:
2021-07-26
通讯作者:
李军
作者简介:
刘朋召,E-mail: 基金资助:
LIU PengZhao(),ZHOU Dong,GUO XingYu,YU Qi,ZHANG YuanHong,LI HaoYu,ZHANG Qi,WANG XuMin,WANG XiaoLi,WANG Rui,LI Jun(
)
Received:
2020-08-27
Accepted:
2020-10-14
Online:
2021-07-16
Published:
2021-07-26
Contact:
Jun LI
摘要:
【目的】降雨和施氮是影响渭北旱塬冬小麦生产的主要因素,降雨年际变幅大对其影响更大,因此小麦增产效应受降雨年型显著影响。分析不同降雨年型下施氮量对旱地麦田水分利用、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响,能够为实现渭北旱地冬小麦 “因雨施氮”和稳产优质提供理论依据。【方法】于2017—2020年连续3年在陕西合阳县开展田间定位施氮试验,以晋麦47为试验材料,设置5个施氮量处理0、60、120、180、240 kg·hm-2(分别以N0、N60、N120、N180、N240表示),研究不同降雨年型施氮量对冬小麦生育期0—200 cm土层水分变化动态、水分利用效率、产量构成及蛋白质含量的影响。【结果】降雨年型和施氮对冬小麦播前底墒及生育期土壤含水量、耗水量、水分利用效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量影响显著。(1)休闲期降雨与播前底墒呈线性相关,每增加1 mm夏季降雨,底墒增加0.9 mm。在丰水年和平水年休闲期降雨充足,前季小麦增加施氮量对下季小麦播前底墒无显著影响;在欠水年休闲期降雨较少,前季小麦每增施氮100 kg·hm-2,下季小麦播前底墒减少15.4 mm。丰水年较欠水年和平水年均能提高冬小麦生育期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量,因而分别增加生育期耗水量35.7%和6.6%。全生育期0—120 cm土层土壤含水量受降雨和冬小麦生长发育影响波动较大,但160—200 cm 深层土壤含水量相对稳定。丰水年的水分利用效率较欠水年和平水年分别提高55.7%和26.5%,籽粒产量分别提高112.3%和39.1%,蛋白质含量分别降低8.3%和5.2%。(2)与N0处理相比,丰水年、欠水年和平水年施氮均降低各生育时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量,分别提高生育期耗水量4.6%—14.6%、6.0%—8.6%、2.2%—9.5%,分别增加水分利用效率20.7%—39.8%、4.7%—33.3%、13.1%—35.4%,分别增产7.1%—28.1%、1.5%—34.1%、8.5%—28.9%,分别提高蛋白质含量5.6%—10.4%、10.1%—17.7%、8.5%—15.6%。(3)施氮量和籽粒产量、蛋白质产量均符合二次曲线关系,拟合方程表明,丰水年、欠水年和平水年满足旱地冬小麦稳产优质的最适施氮量范围分别为189—202、116—124和161—174 kg·hm-2。【结论】综合来看,丰水年、欠水年和平水年的最佳施氮量分别为189—202、116—124和161—174 kg·hm-2,并可采取“播前底墒确定基施氮肥量+播种至拔节期降雨确定追施氮肥量”的“因雨施氮”管理模式,既能满足旱地冬小麦稳产优质,也可保证水分高效利用。
刘朋召,周栋,郭星宇,于琦,张元红,李昊昱,张琦,王旭敏,王小利,王瑞,李军. 不同降雨年型旱地冬小麦水分利用及产量对施氮量的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(14): 3065-3076.
LIU PengZhao,ZHOU Dong,GUO XingYu,YU Qi,ZHANG YuanHong,LI HaoYu,ZHANG Qi,WANG XuMin,WANG XiaoLi,WANG Rui,LI Jun. Response of Water Use and Yield of Dryland Winter Wheat to Nitrogen Application Under Different Rainfall Patterns[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(14): 3065-3076.
表1
不同降雨年型施氮量对旱地冬小麦耗水量和水分利用效率的影响"
处理 N treatment | 耗水量Evapotranspiration, ET (mm) | 水分利用效率Water use efficiency (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
丰水年 Humid year (2017—2018) | 欠水年 Dry year (2018—2019) | 平水年 Normal year (2019—2020) | 丰水年 Humid year (2017—2018) | 欠水年 Dry year (2018—2019) | 平水年 Normal year (2019—2020) | |
N0 | 285.9±6.2d | 213.0±5.6c | 277.3±7.5d | 12.1±0.7d | 8.5±0.7c | 9.9±0.4c |
N60 | 299.0±5.9c | 225.7±1.8b | 285.3±5.5c | 14.6±1.2c | 10.9±0.8b | 11.2±0.8b |
N120 | 311.8±6.3b | 230.3±5.7a | 283.5±3.4c | 16.3±0.9b | 11.2±1.2a | 13.1±0.6a |
N180 | 310.1±5.4b | 231.4±8.3a | 290.3±9.2b | 16.9±0.3a | 9.5±1.4b | 13.4±0.5a |
N240 | 327.6±9.6a | 230.2±7.2a | 303.5±4.4a | 16.1±0.2b | 8.2±0.5c | 12.5±1.3b |
F-value | ||||||
施氮Nitrogen (N) | 54.8** | 59.2** | ||||
年型Year (Y) | 1234*** | 387.8*** | ||||
施氮×年型N×Y | 4.6* | 14.7** |
表2
不同降雨年型施氮量对旱地冬小麦产量及其构成和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响"
降雨年型 Rainfall pattern | 处理 N treatment | 穗粒数 GNS | 穗数 SN (×104·hm-2) | 千粒重 TGW (g) | 籽粒产量 GY (kg·hm-2) | 蛋白质含量 PC (%) | 蛋白质产量 PY (kg·hm-2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
丰水年 Humid year (2017—2018) | N0 | 25.4±0.9c | 477.3±21.7b | 39.4±0.6c | 4077±151c | 12.5±0.3c | 508±25d | |||
N60 | 26.8±0.8c | 503.0±25.5b | 39.8±0.8c | 4365±234c | 13.2±0.3b | 578±31c | ||||
N120 | 31.0±2.8b | 512.7±38.8b | 39.5±0.2c | 5067±111a | 13.4±0.2b | 678±22b | ||||
N180 | 34.8±0.3a | 537.4±16.7a | 41.4±0.6a | 5229±189a | 13.8±0.3a | 724±34a | ||||
N240 | 29.2±0.4b | 544.9±14.7a | 41.6± 0.2a | 4959±235b | 13.7±0.2a | 679±24b | ||||
欠水年 Dry year (2018—2019) | N0 | 18.9±0.9c | 308.6±24.2b | 28.6± 0.6b | 1927±85c | 13.0±0.4c | 250±34c | |||
N60 | 21.9±0.8c | 344.2±31.2a | 31.3± 1.8a | 2459±72a | 14.9±0.6a | 366±21b | ||||
N120 | 25.5±2.8a | 357.5±21.6a | 30.5± 0.2a | 2584±68a | 15.3±0.2a | 390±25a | ||||
N180 | 22.2±0.3b | 342.9±12.3a | 30.5± 0.6a | 2237±57b | 15.2±0.3a | 342±26b | ||||
N240 | 22.3±0.4b | 316.0±45.9b | 29.6± 0.4b | 1956±49c | 14.3±0.2b | 281±32c | ||||
平水年 Normal year (2019—2020) | N0 | 27.1±1.0c | 480.4±24.2a | 43.0± 0.8b | 2952±89c | 12.8±0.3c | 353±13d | |||
N60 | 28.4±1.7b | 493.7±41.2a | 44.1± 0.3a | 3203±103b | 13.9±0.2b | 445±28c | ||||
N120 | 29.1±1.2b | 533.1±31.6b | 45.7± 0.6a | 3804±267a | 14.3±0.2ab | 545±19a | ||||
N180 | 29.3±2.0b | 563.9±50.3b | 45.6± 1.4a | 3788±112a | 14.4±0.3a | 546±12a | ||||
N240 | 30.7±1.8a | 570.9±45.9b | 45.3± 0.9a | 3494±146b | 14.5±0.2a | 518±15b | ||||
F-value | ||||||||||
施氮Nitrogen (N) | 27.6*** | 9.2** | 5.8*** | 57.6*** | 69.4*** | 411.0*** | ||||
年型Year (Y) | 158.7*** | 747.8** | 1210.3** | 80.9*** | 1223.3*** | 3235.8*** | ||||
施氮×年型 N×Y | 8.1** | 11.4** | 3.6* | 5.7** | 10.7** | 42.7*** |
表3
籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和水分利用效率与各生育阶段降雨量的相关性分析"
因子 Factor | 各生育阶段降雨量 Rainfall in different growth stages | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
休闲期 FS | 播种-越冬 SS-WS | 越冬-拔节 WS-ES | 拔节-开花 ES-AS | 开花-成熟 AS-MS | 籽粒产量 GY | |
籽粒产量 GY | 0.935** | 0.036 | 0.933** | 0.606* | -0.011 | - |
蛋白质含量 PC | -0.589* | 0.024 | -0.589* | -0.344 | -0.039 | -0.341 |
水分利用效率 WUE | 0.727* | -0.323 | 0.733* | 0.121 | 0.339 | 0.889** |
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