中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (17): 3289-3302.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.003
侯慧芝(),张绪成*(),尹嘉德,方彦杰,王红丽,于显枫,马一凡,张国平,雷康宁
收稿日期:
2021-11-02
接受日期:
2022-01-28
出版日期:
2022-09-01
发布日期:
2022-09-07
通讯作者:
张绪成
作者简介:
侯慧芝,E-mail: 基金资助:
HOU HuiZhi(),ZHANG XuCheng*(),YIN JiaDe,FANG YanJie,WANG HongLi,YU XianFeng,MA YiFan,ZHANG GuoPing,LEI KangNing
Received:
2021-11-02
Accepted:
2022-01-28
Online:
2022-09-01
Published:
2022-09-07
Contact:
XuCheng ZHANG
摘要:
【目的】 为优化西北旱作区春小麦施肥量及施肥方式,提高小麦产量和水分利用效率。【方法】 于2018—2020年开展大田试验,以陇春35号为供试品种,设4个处理,分别为氮肥常量浅施(PM)、氮肥减量浅施(PM-N)、氮肥减量深施(PMD)和氮肥减量分层施肥(PMA),测定春小麦不同生育期0—300 cm土层土壤含水量、生物量、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、冠层温度、叶面积指数、产量等指标,计算土壤贮水量、阶段耗水量、水分利用效率、植株氮素累积量和氮肥偏生产力等,从土壤水分-冠层发育-产量角度揭示化肥分层和深施对土壤水肥利用和产量的影响。【结果】 PMA和PMD处理显著调节春小麦生育期耗水进程。苗期到拔节期,PMA和PMD处理在0—300 cm的耗水量较PM处理分别提高11.8—20.4 mm和15.1—25.4 mm,较PM-N处理分别提高10.7—14.6 mm和9.3—20.0 mm;抽穗到灌浆期,较PM处理分别提高15.1—39.8 mm和16.5—26.5 mm,较PM-N处理分别提高18.1—48.7 mm和19.5—35.4 mm。PMA和PMD处理在春小麦生育期的叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、生物量分别较PM处理平均提高7.2%和4.2%、23.0%和19.4%、34.6%和17.8%,较PM-N处理平均提高7.6%和5.4%、17.7%和10.8%、38.5%和23.4%;PMA处理拔节后和PMD处理抽穗后的冠层温度分别较PM处理降低8.5%和4.5%,较PM-N处理降低8.6%和4.8%。PMA和PMD处理穗粒数较PM处理平均提高4.3%和4.0%,较PM-N处理平均提高4.8%和4.2%;公顷穗数较PM处理平均提高10.1%和6.2%,较PM-N处理平均提高11.0%和7.8%。PMA和PMD处理的产量、WUE、植株氮素累积量、氮肥偏生产力较PM处理分别提高10.5%和5.1%、11.8%和6.2%、48.0%和35.7%、38.2%和31.3%,较PM-N处理分别提高15.7%和10.0%、14.1%和8.0%、51.8%和40.4%、15.7%和10.0%。PMA处理较PMD处理增产5.2%,WUE和氮肥偏生产力分别提高4.8%和5.2%。PM-N处理的氮肥偏生产力较PM处理提高21.0%(P<0.01),其他指标均无显著性差异。【结论】 在氮肥施用量由150 kg·hm-2减少到120 kg·hm-2后,采用化肥分层和深施仍能实现春小麦增产和水肥高效利用,可在西北黄土高原旱作春小麦生产中推广应用。
侯慧芝,张绪成,尹嘉德,方彦杰,王红丽,于显枫,马一凡,张国平,雷康宁. 旱地化肥分层和深施对春小麦水肥利用及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(17): 3289-3302.
HOU HuiZhi,ZHANG XuCheng,YIN JiaDe,FANG YanJie,WANG HongLi,YU XianFeng,MA YiFan,ZHANG GuoPing,LEI KangNing. Effects of Deep and Layered Application of Reduced Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Water, Nutrient Utilization and Yield of Spring Wheat in Rain-Fed Arid Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3289-3302.
表1
试验处理描述"
处理 Treatment | 处理描述 Description of treatments | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer (kg N·hm-2) | 磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 钾肥 Potassium fertilizer (kg K2O·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
氮肥常量浅施 Traditional nitrogen application (PM) | 施肥深度15 cm Apply on 15 cm depth | 150 | 120 | 90 |
氮肥减量浅施 Nitrogen reduction apply on 15 cm depth (PM-N) | 施肥深度15 cm Apply on 15 cm depth | 120 | 120 | 90 |
氮肥减量深施 Nitrogen reduction apply on 30 cm depth (PMD) | 施肥深度30 cm Apply on 30 cm depth | 120 | 120 | 90 |
氮肥减量分层施肥 Nitrogen reduction averagely apply on 15 cm and 30 cm depths (PMA) | 在15 cm和30 cm施肥量=1:1 Averagely apply on 15 cm and 30 cm depths | 120 | 120 | 90 |
表2
不同处理对春小麦各生育期 0—300 cm土壤贮水量的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 播种期 Sowing | 苗期 Seeding | 拔节期 Jointing | 抽穗期 Heading | 灌浆期 Filling | 成熟期 Harvesting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | PM | 572.5±5.0a | 576.1±4.4a | 546.1±7.9a | 530.1±4.3a | 519.7±8.0a | 614.8±5.6a |
PM-N | 572.5±5.0a | 574.8±6.8a | 539.4±4.7a | 526.0±8.1a | 518.5±8.5a | 615.6±9.0a | |
PMD | 572.5±5.0a | 589.2±7.2a | 533.8±7.2a | 536.4±19.8a | 509.5±12.8a | 614.5±8.6a | |
PMA | 572.5±5.0a | 584.8±5.5a | 534.8±9.6a | 534.3±8.1a | 508.7±8.4a | 615.5±13.0a | |
2019 | PM | 558.8±7.0a | 533.2±13.9b | 549.5±10.7b | 495.8±9.3b | 512.8±12.9a | 467.3±5.6b |
PM-N | 562.5±6.7a | 535±10.1b | 550.2±7.5ab | 492.7±9.0b | 518.6±6.8a | 478.7±6.2b | |
PMD | 580.7±18.8a | 562.9±8.1a | 564.1±7.3ab | 515.3±10.7ab | 505.8±7.5a | 502.6±7.0a | |
PMA | 579.5±10.7a | 568.8±7.3a | 573.4±10.0a | 526.1±6.8a | 503.3±9.4a | 498.2±6.6a | |
2020 | PM | 542.5±8.7b | 508.4±8.0b | 529.8±9.5ab | 481.7±9.9a | 471.6±7.2a | 450.9±9.2b |
PM-N | 546.6±12.7ab | 514.1±7.4b | 528.1±5.5b | 476.0±7.6a | 474.2±7.8a | 464.6±5.6ab | |
PMD | 568.6±7.6a | 546.7±8.5a | 551.3±7.3a | 500.8±11.5a | 472.5±11.8a | 473.9±9.3a | |
PMA | 564.3±8.2ab | 544.9±8.1a | 545.8±11.7ab | 496.7±10.1a | 470.0±8.0a | 470.4±10.1ab |
表3
不同处理对春小麦各生育阶段0—300 cm耗水量的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 播种—苗期 Sowing-Seeding | 苗期—拔节期 Seeding-Jointing | 拔节—抽穗期 Jointing-Heading | 抽穗—灌浆期 Heading-Filling | 灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Harvesting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | PM | 48.7±1.3ab | 41.2±4.4b | 67.9±3.7a | 72.7±3.8b | 39.8±4.9a |
PM-N | 49.9±3.6a | 46.6±2.2b | 65.4±4.0ab | 69.7±6.2b | 37.8±4.4a | |
PMD | 35.5±7.1c | 66.6±0.1a | 49.3±12.6b | 89.2±7.0a | 30.0±11.1a | |
PMA | 40.0±4.0bc | 61.2±4.4a | 52.4±2.5ab | 87.8±1.1a | 28.2±6.9a | |
2019 | PM | 55.8±12.8a | 36.8±3.7b | 64.8±1.4ab | 81.4±8.1b | 100.9±9.4a |
PM-N | 57.7±12.3a | 37.9±4.6b | 68.6±4.0a | 72.5±2.2b | 95.1±6.4a | |
PMD | 48.0±9.7a | 51.9±2.9a | 59.9±3.8ab | 107.9±7.3a | 58.5±5.4b | |
PMA | 40.9±5.8a | 48.5±2.7a | 58.4±5.0b | 121.2±4.1a | 60.4±5.8b | |
2020 | PM | 48.8±3.3a | 32.5±2.1c | 68.5±4.6a | 49.2±3.0b | 147.1±3.5a |
PM-N | 47.1±7.4a | 39.9±2.0b | 72.5±2.8a | 40.9±2.3c | 136.0±2.4b | |
PMD | 36.7±3.2b | 49.2±1.3a | 70.9±4.7a | 67.4±1.9a | 125.1±2.8c | |
PMA | 34.1±4.0b | 52.9±4.2a | 69.4±7.1a | 65.8±4.4a | 126.1±4.2c |
表4
不同处理对春小麦产量构成因子、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 穗粒数 Grain number | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) | 公顷穗数 Spike number (×104·hm-2) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 耗水量 Evaportranspiration (mm) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | PM | 31.6b | 40.7a | 219.5c | 2621.3c | 270.2a | 9.7b |
PM-N | 31.5b | 40.3a | 216.8c | 2578.9c | 269.4a | 9.6b | |
PMD | 32.7a | 40a | 230.9b | 2769.1b | 270.6a | 10.2ab | |
PMA | 32.5a | 39.9a | 240.5a | 2883.6a | 269.6a | 10.7a | |
2019 | PM | 34.2b | 42.1a | 265.2b | 3784.9c | 339.6a | 11.1b |
PM-N | 34.2b | 41.2a | 265.8b | 3626.2b | 331.8a | 10.9b | |
PMD | 35.9a | 41.4a | 284.1a | 3872.6b | 326.2a | 11.9a | |
PMA | 36.1a | 41.4a | 288.6a | 4019.7a | 329.4a | 12.2a | |
2020 | PM | 35.5c | 41.3a | 246.2c | 3513.5c | 346.1ab | 10.2bc |
PM-N | 35.2c | 41.7a | 241.6bc | 3345.1c | 336.4b | 9.9c | |
PMD | 36.4b | 41.3a | 263.4ab | 3786.4b | 349.3a | 10.8b | |
PMA | 37.5a | 41.2a | 274.0a | 4032.3a | 348.4a | 11.6a | |
显著性值 P | 年份Year | 0.0001 | 0.0012 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
处理Treatment | 0.0028 | 0.2202 | 0.0001 | 0.0037 | 0.5617 | 0.0001 | |
年份×处理Year×Treatment | 0.0067 | 0.5731 | 0.5388 | 0.0001 | 0.0319 | 0.6736 |
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