Modelling spatio-temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon in paddy soil by coupling digital soil mapping with a process model

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.11.006

Journal of Integrative Agriculture

2026, Vol. 25

Issue (8): 3440-3452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.11.006

Agro-ecosystem & Environment

Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

Modelling spatio-temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon in paddy soil by coupling digital soil mapping with a process model

Zheng Wang^{1, 2}, Songchao Chen^{1, 2, 3}, Ruiying Zhao⁴, Jie Xue⁵, Qiangyi Yu⁶, Danqing Wei^{1, 2, 7}, Wei Chen⁸, Qichun Zhang^{1, 2}, Zhou Shi^{1, 2#}

¹State Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Control and Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

²College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

³ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China

⁴ Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore

⁵ Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

⁶ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

⁷ Zhejiang Economic Information Center, Hangzhou 310006, China

⁸ Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jiashan County, Jiaxing 314100, China

Highlights
● The Well-facilitated Farmland Construction Project can prevent soil organic carbon (SOC) loss.
● The temporal variation of SOC density (SOCD) is influenced by straw incorporation and irrigation.
● Coupling the digital soil mapping (DSM) and CENTURY is an effective approach to simulate the SOC dynamics.

Abstract
References

Download: PDF in ScienceDirect
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

摘要

土壤有机碳（SOC）作为养分触发器起着至关重要的作用，直接影响土壤健康和农业生产。当前，中国正在进行的高标准农田建设（WFC）项目是一项综合农业管理策略，这将改变农田土壤环境，进而影响SOC的时空动态变化。然而，在高标准农田建设背景下，SOC时空变化并不明晰。为了解决这个问题，本研究选取了中国东南地区2022年建成的高标准农田为研究区，在2023年采集了202个表层土样本（0-20cm），利用数字土壤制图（DSM）技术和CENTURY模型，绘制了土壤关键属性时空分布，并模拟了SOC密度（SOCD）的时空变化。结果表明，2023年SOCD的范围是1.23至6.35 kg m^-2，平均值为3.68 kg m^-2；研究区内土壤pH、粘土和含沙量是影响SOCD空间分布的主要因素。CENTURY模型模拟结果表明，从2010年到2021年，即WFC项目开始之前，SOCD呈下降趋势，在WFC实施后，预计从2022年到2030年将有所增加，这可能是由于合理灌溉和秸秆还田增加了有机碳的固存和输入。此外，我们假设了未来不进行WFC项目的情景，结果表明，从2022年到2030年，SOCD将持续下降，这突显了WFC在防止SOC流失方面具有重要的作用。空间模拟结果表明，2021年和2030年SOCD的空间格局相似，低值区域的增长率高于高SOCD水平的区域，表明SOCD水平较低的特定田间地块可以通过改善土壤管理来固定更多的碳。总之，WFC项目有可能增加水稻土中的有机碳固存和粮食产量，确保粮食安全和应对气候变化。

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role as a nutrient trigger and directly impacts soil health and agricultural productivity. In China, the Well-facilitated Farmland Construction (WFC) Project is a comprehensive agricultural management strategy, changing the soil environment and then influencing the SOC dynamics. However, the long-term trajectory of SOC under the implementation of the WFC Project remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, this study focused on farmland in southeastern China that completed the WFC Project in 2022. A total of 202 topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from the regional paddy soil in 2023. Using digital soil mapping (DSM) and the CENTURY model, we delineated key soil properties and simulated the spatio-temporal changes of SOC density (SOCD). The results revealed that the SOCD ranged from 1.23 to 6.35 kg m^–2, with an average value of 3.68 kg m^–2 in 2023. Soil pH, clay, and sand content were primary factors influencing SOCD distribution. According to CENTURY model simulations, SOCD exhibited a declining trend from 2010 to 2021, while it was projected to increase from 2022 to 2030 following the WFC implementation, which could be attributed to enhancements in irrigation and straw incorporation. Besides, the scenario without WFC results shows that SOCD would decline from 2022 to 2030, underscoring the project’s effectiveness in preventing SOC loss for paddy soil. The spatial patterns of SOCD in 2021 and 2030 were similar, and the low-value areas showed faster increase rates than the areas with high SOCD levels, indicating that the specific field plots with lower SOCD levels could sequester more carbon with improved soil management. In conclusion, the WFC Project can potentially increase SOC sequestration in the paddy soil and grain yield, ensuring food security and addressing climate change.

Keywords: soil organic carbon well-facilitated farmland construction spatio-temporal variation digital soil mapping CENTURY model

Received: 04 July 2025 Accepted: 09 October 2025 Online: 07 November 2025

Fund:

This research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB3903505 and 2022YFB3903503). We highly appreciate the great efforts from two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

About author: Zheng Wang, E-mail: wangzheng96@zju.edu.cn; #Correspondence Zhou Shi, E-mail: shizhou@zju.edu.cn

	Service
	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors

Cite this article:

Zheng Wang, Songchao Chen, Ruiying Zhao, Jie Xue, Qiangyi Yu, Danqing Wei, Wei Chen, Qichun Zhang, Zhou Shi. 2026. Modelling spatio-temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon in paddy soil by coupling digital soil mapping with a process model. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 25(8): 3440-3452.

Allison F E. 1973. Soil Organic Matter and its Role in Crop Production. Elsevier, New York.

Baldock J A, Skjemstad J O. 1999. Soil organic carbon/soil organic matter. In: Peverill K, Reuter D, Sparrow L, eds., Soil Analysis-An Interpretation Manual. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Vic. Australia. pp. 159–170.

Bao S. 2000. Soil Agrochemical Analysis. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)

Bauer A, Black A L. 1994. Quantification of the effect of soil organic matter content on soil productivity. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58, 185–193.

Behrens T, Schmidt K, Ramirez-Lopez L, Gallant J, Zhu A X, Scholten T. 2014. Hyper-scale digital soil mapping and soil formation analysis. Geoderma, 213, 578–588.

Ben-Dor E, Patkin K, Banin A, Karnieli A. 2002. Mapping of several soil properties using DAIS-7915 hyperspectral scanner data - a case study over clayey soils in Israel. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23, 1043–1062.

Berardi D, Brzostek E, Blanc-Betes E, Davison B, DeLucia E H, Hartman M D, Kent J, Parton, W J, Saha D, Hudiburg T W. 2020. 21st-century biogeochemical modeling: Challenges for Century-based models and where do we go from here? GCB Bioenergy, 12, 774–788.

Beusen A H W, Van Beek L P H, Bouwman A F, Mogollón J M, Middelburg J J. 2015. Coupling global models for hydrology and nutrient loading to simulate nitrogen and phosphorus retention in surface water-description of IMAGE-GNM and analysis of performance. Geoscientific Model Development, 8, 4045–4067.

Bista P, Machado S, Ghimire R, Del Grosso S J, Reyes-Fox M. 2016. Simulating soil organic carbon in a wheat-fallow system using the daycent model. Agronomy Journal, 108, 2554–2565.

Blanco-Canqui H, Shapiro C A, Wortmann C S, Drijber R A, Mamo M, Shaver T M, Ferguson R B. 2013. Soil organic carbon: The value to soil properties. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 68, 129A–134A.

Breiman L. 2001. Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32.

Cambule A H, Rossiter D G, Stoorvogel J J. 2013. A methodology for digital soil mapping in poorly-accessible areas. Geoderma, 192, 341–353.

Chen S, Arrouays D, Angers D A, Chenu C, Barré P, Martin M P, Saby N P, Walter C. 2019. National estimation of soil organic carbon storage potential for arable soils: A data-driven approach coupled with carbon-landscape zones. Science of the Total Environment, 666, 355–367.

Chen S, Arrouays D, Leatitia Mulder V, Poggio L, Minasny B, Roudier P, Libohova Z, Lagacherie P, Shi Z, Hannam J, Meersmans J, Richer-de-Forges A C, Walter C. 2022. Digital mapping of GlobalSoilMap soil properties at a broad scale: A review. Geoderma, 409, 115567.

Chen S, Chen Z, Zhang X, Luo Z, Schillaci C, Arrouays D, Richer-de-Forges A C, Shi Z. 2024. European topsoil bulk density and organic carbon stock database (0–20cm) using machine-learning-based pedotransfer functions. Earth System Science Data, 16, 2367–2383.

Chen S, Martin M P, Saby N P, Walter C, Angers D A, Arrouays D. 2018. Fine resolution map of top-and subsoil carbon sequestration potential in France. Science of the Total Environment, 630, 389–400.

Chen S, Zhang G, Wang C. 2023. How does straw-incorporation rate reduce runoff and erosion on sloping cropland of black soil region? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 357, 108676.

Chen Z, Shuai Q, Shi Z, Arrouays D, Richer-de-Forges A C, Chen S. 2023. National-scale mapping of soil organic carbon stock in France: New insights and lessons learned by direct and indirect approaches. Soil & Environmental Health, 1, 100049.

Chen Z M, Wang H Y, Liu X W, Zhao X L, Lu D J, Zhou J M, Li C Z. 2017. Changes in soil microbial community and organic carbon fractions under short-term straw return in a rice–wheat cropping system. Soil and Tillage Research, 165, 121–127.

Collins H P, Rasmussen, P E, Douglas C L. 1992. Crop rotation and residue management effects on soil carbon and microbial dynamics. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56, 783–788.

Cong P, Wang J, Li Y, Liu N, Dong J, Pang H, Zhang L, Gao Z. 2020. Changes in soil organic carbon and microbial community under varying straw incorporation strategies. Soil and Tillage Research, 204, 104735.

Czyż E A. 2004. Effects of traffic on soil aeration, bulk density and growth of spring barley. Soil and Tillage Research, 79, 153–166.

Dai L, Wang Z, Zhuo Z, Ma Y, Shi Z, Chen S. 2025. Prediction of soil organic carbon fractions in tropical cropland using a regional visible and near-infrared spectral library and machine learning. Soil and Tillage Research, 245, 106297.

Dai L, Xue J, Lu R, Wang Z, Chen Z, Yu Q, Shi Z, Chen S. 2024. In-situ prediction of soil organic carbon contents in wheat–rice rotation fields via visible near-infrared spectroscopy. Soil & Environmental Health, 2, 100113.

Dharumarajan S, Hegde R. 2020. Digital mapping of soil texture classes using Random Forest classification algorithm. Soil Use and Management, 38, 135–149.

Dimassi B, Guenet B, Saby N P A, Munoz F, Bardy M, Millet F, Martin M P. 2018. The impacts of CENTURY model initialization scenarios on soil organic carbon dynamics simulation in French long-term experiments. Geoderma, 311, 25–36.

Dong B, Liu H, Wang Y, Qiao Y, Zhang M, Yang H, Jin L, Liu M. 2018. Physio-ecological regulating mechanisms for highly efficient water use of crops. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 26, 1465–1475. (in Chinese)

Erbach D C. 1987. Measurement of soil bulk density and moisture. Transactions of the ASAE, 30, 922–931.

Eswaran H, Van Den Berg E, Reich P. 1993. Organic carbon in soils of the world. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57, 192–194.

Franzluebbers A J. 2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil and Tillage Research, 66, 95–106.

Gabarrón-Galeote M A, Trigalet S, van Wesemael B. 2015. Effect of land abandonment on soil organic carbon fractions along a Mediterranean precipitation gradient. Geoderma, 249–250, 69–78.

Gao B C, Goetz A F, Wiscombe W J. 1993. Cirrus cloud detection from airborne imaging spectrometer data using the 1.38 μm water vapor band. Geophysical Research Letters, 20, 301–304.

Gholizadeh A, Žižala D, Saberioon M, Borůvka L. 2018. Soil organic carbon and texture retrieving and mapping using proximal, airborne and Sentinel-2 spectral imaging. Remote Sensing of Environment, 218, 89–103.

Goidts E, Van Wesemael B, Crucifix M. 2009. Magnitude and sources of uncertainties in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock assessments at various scales. European Journal of Soil Science, 60, 723–739.

Grimm R, Behrens T, Märker M, Elsenbeer H. 2008. Soil organic carbon concentrations and stocks on Barro Colorado Island-Digital soil mapping using Random Forests analysis. Geoderma, 146, 102–113.

Hengl T, Heuvelink G B, Kempen B, Leenaars J G, Walsh M G, Shepherd K D, Sila A, MacMillan R A, Mendes de Jesus J, Tamene L, Tondoh J E. 2015. Mapping soil properties of Africa at 250m resolution: Random Forests significantly improve current predictions. PLoS ONE, 10, e0125814.

Heung B, Bulmer C E, Schmidt M G. 2014. Predictive soil parent material mapping at a regional-scale: A Random Forest approach. Geoderma, 214–215, 141–154.

Inman D J, Freeland R S, Ammons J T, Yoder R E. 2002. Soil investigations using electromagnetic induction and Ground - Penetrating Radar in southwest Tennessee. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 206–211.

Jin X, Du J, Liu H, Wang Z, Song K. 2016. Remote estimation of soil organic matter content in the Sanjiang Plain, Northest China: The optimal band algorithm versus the GRA-ANN model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 218, 250–260.

Kelly R H, Parton W J, Crocker G J, Graced P R, Klír J, Körschens M, Poulton P R, Richter D D. 1997. Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the century model. Geoderma, 81, 75–90.

Kumar N, Velmurugan, Hamm N A S, Dadhwal V K. 2018. Geospatial mapping of soil organic carbon using regression kriging and remote sensing. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 46, 705–716.

Lagacherie P, McBratney A B. 2006. Spatial soil information systems and spatial soil inference systems: perspectives for digital soil mapping. Developments in Soil Science, 31, 3–22.

Lal R. 2013. Intensive agriculture and the soil carbon pool. Journal of Crop Improvement, 27, 735–751.

Lavallee J M, Soong J L, Cotrufo M F. 2020. Conceptualizing soil organic matter into particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change in the 21st century. Global Change Biology, 26, 261–273.

Li M, Zhang X, Pang G, Han F. 2013. The estimation of soil organic carbon distribution and storage in a small catchment area of the Loess Plateau. Catena, 101, 11–16.

Liang F, Li B, Vog, R D, Mulder J, Song H, Chen J, Guo J. 2023. Straw return exacerbates soil acidification in major Chinese croplands. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 198, 107176.

Liaw A, Wiener M. 2002. Classification and regression by random forests. R News, 2–3, 18–22

Lin H, Zheng J, Zhou M, Xu P, Lan T, Kuang F, Li Z, Yao Z, Zhu B. 2025. Crop straw incorporation increases the soil carbon stock by improving the soil aggregate structure without stimulating soil heterotrophic respiration. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 24, 1542–1561.

Liu F, Wu H, Zhao Y, Li D, Yang J L, Song X, Shi Z, Zhu A X, Zhang G L. 2022. Mapping high resolution National Soil Information Grids of China. Science Bulletin, 67, 328–340.

Liu S, An N, Yang J, Dong S, Wang C, Yin Y. 2015. Prediction of soil organic matter variability associated with different land use types in mountainous landscape in southwestern Yunnan province, China. Catena, 133, 137–144.

Long J, Liu Y, Xing S, Zhang L, Qu M, Qiu L, Huang Q, Zhou B, Shen J. 2020. Optimal interpolation methods for farmland soil organic matter in various landforms of a complex topography. Ecological Indicators, 110, 105926.

Malone B P, Minasny B, Odgers N P, McBratney A B. 2014. Using model averaging to combine soil property rasters from legacy soil maps and from point data. Geoderma, 232–234, 34–44.

Mao Z. 2002. Water saving irrigation for rice and its effect on environment. Engineering Science, 4, 8–16. (in Chinese)

McBratney A B, Mendonça Santos M L, Minasny B. 2003. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma, 117, 3–52.

McCauley A, Jones C, Jacobsen J. 2009. Soil pH and organic matter. Nutrient Management Module, 8, 1–12.

Minasny B, McBratney A B. 2016. Digital soil mapping: A brief history and some lessons. Geoderma, 264, 301–311.

NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission). 2021. National Well-facilitated Farmland Construction Plan (2021–2030). [2021-11-2]. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/fzzlgh/gjjzxgh/202111/t20211102_1302810.html

Neufeldt H. 2005. Carbon stocks and sequestration potentials of agricultural soils in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, SW Germany. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168, 202–211.

Ogle S M, Breidt F J, Easter M, Williams S, Killian K, Paustian K. 2010. Scale and uncertainty in modeled soil organic carbon stock changes for US croplands using a process-based model. Global Change Biology, 16, 810–822.

Ouyang W, Shan Y, Hao F, Lin C. 2014. Differences in soil organic carbon dynamics in paddy fields and drylands in northeast China using the CENTURY model. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 194, 38–47.

Parton W J, Stewart J W, Cole C V. 1988. Dynamics of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: A model. Biogeochemistry, 5, 109–131.

Presley D R, Ransom M D, Kluitenberg G J, Finnell P R. 2004. Effects of thirty years of irrigation on the genesis and morphology of two semiarid soils in Kansas. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 1916–1926.

Priesack E, Gayler S, Hartmann H P. 2006. The impact of crop growth sub-model choice on simulated water and nitrogen balances. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 75, 1–13.

R Core Team. 2022. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Lanzhou, China.

Reijneveld A, van Wensem J, Oenema O. 2009. Soil organic carbon contents of agricultural land in the Netherlands between 1984 and 2004. Geoderma, 152, 231–238.

Sanderman J, Hengl T, Fiske G J. 2017. Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 9575–9580.

Sarkar D, Tarafdar J C, Kundu M C. 2006. Effect of changes of soil pH on microbial activity and availability of phosphorus and sulfur. Environment and Ecology, 24, 200–202.

Schapel A, Marschner P, Churchman J. 2019. Influence of clay clod size and number for organic carbon distribution in sandy soil with clay addition. Geoderma, 335, 123–132.

Seitz S, Goebes P, Puerta V L, Pereira E I P, Wittwer R, Six J, van der Heijden M G A, Scholten T. 2018. Conservation tillage and organic farming reduce soil erosion. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 39, 4.

Six J, Elliott E T, Paustian K. 1999. Aggregate and soil organic matter dynamics under conventional and no-tillage systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 1350–1358.

Smith P. 2005. An overview of the permanence of soil organic carbon stocks: Influence of direct human-induced, indirect and natural effects. European Journal of Soil Science, 56, 673–680.

Somaratne S, Seneviratne G, Coomaraswamy U. 2005. Prediction of soil organic carbon across different land-use patterns. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69, 1580–1589.

Stockmann U, Padarian J, McBratney A, Minasny B, de Brogniez D, Montanarella L, Hong S Y, Rawlins B G, Field D J. 2015. Global soil organic carbon assessment. Global Food Security, 6, 9–16.

Sul W J, Asuming-Brempong S, Wang Q, Tourlousse D M, Penton C R, Deng Y, Rodrigues J L M, Adiku S G K, Jones J W, Zhou J, Cole J R, Tiedje J M. 2013. Tropical agricultural land management influences on soil microbial communities through its effect on soil organic carbon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 65, 33–38.

Sun B, Wang Y, Li Z, Gao W, Wu J, Li C, Song Z, Gao Z. 2019. Estimating Soil Organic Carbon Density in the otindag sandy land, Inner Mongolia, China, for modelling spatiotemporal variations and evaluating the influences of human activities. Catena, 179, 85–97.

Swain S R, Chakraborty P, Panigrahi N, Vasava H B, Reddy N N, Roy S, Majeed I, Das, B S. 2021. Estimation of soil texture using Sentinel-2 multi-spectral imaging data: An ensemble modeling approach. Soil and Tillage Research, 213, 105134.

Tisdall J M, Oades J M. 1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science, 33, 141–163.

Tornquist C G, Mielniczuk J, Cerri C E P. 2009. Modeling soil organic carbon dynamics in Oxisols of Ibirubá (Brazil) with the Century Model. Soil and Tillage Research, 105, 33–43.

Vaudour E, Gomez C, Fouad Y, Lagacherie P. 2019. Sentinel-2 image capacities to predict common topsoil properties of temperate and Mediterranean agroecosystems. Remote Sensing of Environment, 223, 21–33.

Wang N, Chen S, Huang J, Frappart F, Taghizadeh R, Zhang X, Wigneron J P, Xue J, Xiao Y, Peng J, Shi Z. 2024. Global soil salinity estimation at 10m using multi-source remote sensing. Journal of Remote Sensing, 4, 0130.

Wang X, Li Y, Lian J, Luo Y, Niu Y, Gong X. 2019. Progress in application of the CENTURY model for prediction of soil carbon levels in different ecosystems. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 28, 179-189. (in Chinese)

Wang X, Shi W, Sun X, Wang M. 2020. Comprehensive ben efits evaluation and its spatial simulation for well-facilitated farmland projects in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region of China. Land Degradation & Development, 31, 1837–1850.

Wang Y, Wu P, Mei F, Ling Y, Qiao Y, Liu C, Leghari S J, Guan X, Wang T. 2021. Does continuous straw returning keep China farmland soil organic carbon continued increase? A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 288, 112391.

Wu H, Guo Z, Peng C. 2003. Land use induced changes of organic carbon storage in soils of China. Global Change Biology, 9, 305–315.

Wu L, Zhang W, Wei W, He Z, Kuzyakov Y, Bol R, Hu R. 2019. Soil organic matte r priming and carbon balance after straw addition is regulated by long-term fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 135, 383–391.

Xiao Y, Xue J, Zhang X, Wang N, Hong Y, Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Teng H, Hu B, Lugato E, Richer-de-Forges A C. 2022. Improving pedotransfer functions for predicting soil mineral associated organic carbon by ensemble machine learning. Geoderma, 428, 116208.

Xu M, Lou Y, Sun X, Wang W, Baniyamuddin M, Zhao K. 2011. Soil organic carbon active fractions as early indicators for total carbon change under straw incorporation. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 47, 745–752.

Xu Q, Rui W, He H, Wu F, Luo H, Bian X, Zhang W. 2006. Characteristics and regional differences of soil organic carbon density in farmland under different land use patterns in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 39, 2505–2510. (in Chinese)

Xue J, Zhang X, Chen S, Hu B, Wang N, Shi Z. 2024. Quantifying the agreement and accuracy characteristics of four satellite-based LULC products for cropland classification in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 283–297.

Yang J, Liu, K, Wang Z, Du Y, Zhang J. 2007. Water-saving and high-yielding irrigation for lowland rice by controlling limiting values of soil water potential. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 49, 1445–1454.

Yang C, Wang X, Li J, Zhang G, Shu H, Hu W, Han H, Liu R, Guo Z. 2024. Straw return increases crop production by improving soil organic carbon sequestration and soil aggregation in a long-term wheat-cotton cropping system. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 669–679.

Yost J L, Hartemink A E. 2019. Soil organic carbon in sandy soils: A review. Advances in Agronomy, 158, 217–310.

Zeraatpisheh M, Ayoubi S, Mirbagheri Z, Mosaddeghi M R, Xu M. 2021. Spatial prediction of soil aggregate stability and soil organic carbon in aggregate fractions using machine learning algorithms and environmental variables. Geoderma Regional, 27, e00440.

Zhang H, Goll D S, Wang Y P, Ciais P, Wieder W R, Abramoff R, Huang Y, Guenet B, Prescher A K, Viscarra Rossel R A, Barre P, Chenu C, Zhou G, Tang X. 2020. Microbial dynamics and soil physicochemical properties explain large-scale variations in soil organic carbon. Global Change Biology, 26, 2668–2685.

Zhang J, Balkovič J, Azevedo L B, Skalský R, Bouwman A F, Xu G, Wang J, Xu M, Yu C. 2018. Analyzing and modelling the effect of long-term fertilizer management on crop yield and soil organic carbon in China. Science of the Total Environment, 627, 361–372.

Zhang L, Heuvelink G B M, Mulder V L, Chen S, Deng X, Yang L. 2024. Using process-oriented model output to enhance machine learning-based soil organic carbon prediction in space and time. Science of the Total Environment, 922, 170778.

Zhang Y, Lavallee J M, Robertson A D, Even R, Ogle S M, Paustian K, Cotrufo M F, 2021. Simulating measurable ecosystem carbon and nitrogen dynamics with the mechanistically defined MEMS 2.0 model. Biogeosciences, 18, 3147–3171.

Zhao R, Zhang W, Duan Z, Chen S, Shi Z. 2023. An improved estimate of soil carbon pool and carbon fluxes in the Qinghai-Tibetan grasslands using data assimilation with an ecosystem biogeochemical model. Geoderma, 430, 116283.

Zhou F, Xue J, Wang Z, Jin W, Shi Z, Yu Q, Zhou L, Chen S. 2025. Integrating historical crop rotation changes into soil organic matter mapping in the cropland of southeastern China. Earth’s Future, 13, e2025EF006117.

[1]	Tianjing Ren, Yikang Xue, Tiantian Miao, Kailou Liu, Wenju Zhang, Andong Cai. Manure increases temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon by increasing soil Alphaproteobacteria, phenols, and pH and decreasing soil esters[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2993-3005.
[2]	Junhao Feng, Ji Chen, Xiaowei Liu, Yudu Jing, Ke Liang, Qiang Yu, Changhui Peng, Liang Guo. Convergent dynamics and shared mechanisms of three-pool soil carbon mineralization under different grassland managements[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 3044-3057.
[3]	Qilin Zhang, Xiujun Li, Guoshuang Chen, Nana Luo, Shufeng Zhang, Ezemaduka Anastasia Ngozi, Xinrui Lu. *Straw tissue quality influence the formation pathways of soil organic carbon via* living microbes or microbial necromass in a Mollisols, Northeast China**[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(4): 1647-1663.
[4]	Shunjie Zhu, Liangliang Xu, Chengzhong He, Yongxing Guo, Changqun Duan, Xin Jiang, Shiyu Li, Hailong Yu. Effects of land use type on soil organic carbon in different soil types[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(2): 540-552.
[5]	Liyan Wang, Buqing Wang, Zhengmiao Deng, Yonghong Xie, Tao Wang, Feng Li, Shao’an Wu, Cong Hu, Xu Li, Zhiyong Hou, Jing Zeng Ye’ai Zou, Zelin Liu, Changhui Peng, Andrew Macrae. Surface soil organic carbon losses in Dongting Lake floodplain as evidenced by field observations from 2013 to 2022[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(2): 436-447.
[6]	Xiaohui Xu, Qiang Chai, Falong Hu, Wen Yin, Zhilong Fan, Hanting Li, Zhipeng Liu, Qiming Wang. Intercropping grain crops with green manure under reduced chemical nitrogen improves the soil carbon stocks by optimizing aggregates in an oasis irrigation area[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(1): 326-338.
[7]	Yulu Chen, Li Huang, Jusheng Gao, Zhen Zhou, Muhammad Mehran, Mingjian Geng, Yangbo He, Huimin Zhang, Jing Huang. Long-term Chinese milk vetch incorporation promotes soil aggregate stability by affecting mineralogy and organic carbon[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(6): 2371-2388.
[8]	Chao Ma, Zhifeng He, Jiang Xiang, Kexin Ding, Zhen Zhang, Chenglong Ye, Jianfei Wang, Yusef Kianpoor Kalkhajeh. A meta-analysis to explore the impact of straw decomposing microorganism inoculant-amended straw on soil organic carbon stocks[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(4): 1577-1587.
[9]	Hongyu Lin, Jing Zheng, Minghua Zhou, Peng Xu, Ting Lan, Fuhong Kuang, Ziyang Li, Zhisheng Yao, Bo Zhu. Crop straw incorporation increases the soil carbon stock by improving the soil aggregate structure without stimulating soil heterotrophic respiration[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(4): 1542-1561.
[10]	Yujiao Wei, Yiyun Chen, Jiaxue Wang, Peiheng Yu, Lu Xu, Chi Zhang, Huanfeng Shen, Yaolin Liu, Ganlin Zhang. Mapping soil organic carbon in fragmented agricultural landscapes: The efficacy and interpretability of multi-category remote sensing variables[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(11): 4395-4414.
[11]	Lijun Ren, Han Yang, Jin Li, Nan Zhang, Yanyu Han, Hongtao Zou, Yulong Zhang. Organic fertilizer enhances soil aggregate stability by altering greenhouse soil content of iron oxide and organic carbon[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(1): 306-321.
[12]	Xianglin Zhang, Jie Xue, Songchao Chen, Zhiqing Zhuo, Zheng Wang, Xueyao Chen, Yi Xiao, Zhou Shi. Improving model performance in mapping cropland soil organic matter using time-series remote sensing data[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2024, 23(8): 2820-2841.
[13]	Jialin Yang, Liangqi Ren, Nanhai Zhang, Enke Liu, Shikun Sun, Xiaolong Ren, Zhikuan Jia, Ting Wei, Peng Zhang. Can soil organic carbon sequestration and the carbon management index be improved by changing the film mulching methods in the semiarid region? [J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2024, 23(5): 1541-1556.
[14]	CHANG Fang-di, WANG Xi-quan, SONG Jia-shen, ZHANG Hong-yuan, YU Ru, WANG Jing, LIU Jian, WANG Shang, JI Hong-jie, LI Yu-yi. Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(6): 1870-1882.
[15]	SUN Tao, TONG Wen-jie, CHANG Nai-jie, DENG Ai-xing, LIN Zhong-long, FENG Xing-bing, LI Jun-ying, SONG Zhen-wei. Estimation of soil organic carbon stock and its controlling factors in cropland of Yunnan Province, China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(5): 1475-1487.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Cite this article:

About JIA

Editorial board

For authors