Mild deficit irrigation delays flag leaf senescence and increases yield in drip-irrigated spring wheat by regulating endogenous hormones

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.009

Journal of Integrative Agriculture

2025, Vol. 24

Issue (8): 2954-2973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.03.009

Special Focus: Innovative Pathways to Sustainable Wheat Production

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Mild deficit irrigation delays flag leaf senescence and increases yield in drip-irrigated spring wheat by regulating endogenous hormones

Ziqiang Che, Shuting Bie, Rongrong Wang,Yilin Ma, Yaoyuan Zhang, Fangfang He, Guiying Jiang^#

College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China

Highlights

● Indoleacetic acid and zeatin riboside promote increases in protective substances, inhibit membrane peroxidation, and delay flag leaf senescence.
● Mild deficit irrigation during the tillering stage promotes the accumulation of dry matter and increases yield.
● Drought-tolerant varieties exhibit better adaptability to water deficit than water-sensitive varieties.

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摘要

干旱是影响中国干旱区小麦生长发育过程的重要胁迫因子之一，严重制约着产量。探讨干旱区生育期间亏缺灌溉对滴灌春小麦旗叶保护系统及籽粒产量的影响，明确滴灌条件下高效生产的水分供给模式，为滴灌小麦节水高产栽培提供技术支撑。采用裂区设计，以水分敏感品种新春 22 号(XC22) 和耐旱品种新春 6 号 (XC6)为主区；以充分灌溉对照 (CK，75%～80%FC，FC为田间持水量)，分蘖期轻度亏缺 (T1，60%～65% FC)、中度亏缺 (T2，45%～50% FC)，拔节期轻度亏缺 (J1，60%～65% FC)、中度亏缺 (J2，45%～50% FC) 为副区。深入研究分蘖期和拔节期亏缺灌溉对春小麦旗叶保护性物质、膜脂代谢、内源激素及产量形成的调控效应。与T2和J2处理相比，T1和J1处理有利于提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和脯氨酸（Pro）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量、IAA/ABA, ZR/ABA, IAA/ZR和 (IAA+ZR)/ABA，而降低了过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、超氧阴离子自由基（O₂^-）、丙二醛（MDA）、磷脂酸（PA）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、脱落酸（ABA）含量和磷脂酶D（PLD）、脂氧合酶（LOX）活性，缓解了旗叶衰老，提高了产量；T1处理下XC6旗叶SOD、POD、CAT、Pro较CK平均高11.14%、8.08%、12.98%、3.66%，J1处理下依次较CK平均高6.43%、4.49%、7.36%、2.50%；T1处理下XC6旗叶IAA、ZR、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量较CK平均高10.50%、5.79%、3.10%、8.84%、3.78%、10.52%，J1处理下依次较CK平均高5.36%、3.94%、2.40%、3.72%、1.37%、4.46%；与XC22相比，XC6更有利于促进旗叶保护性物质、IAA、ZR、各器官干物质重、产量构成因子和产量的提高。相关分析表明，IAA、ZR与SOD、POD、CAT、Pro、产量呈显著的正相关关系，IAA、ZR通过促使保护性酶活性增强，进而清除活性氧物质，以应对干旱引起的氧化应激，达到延缓衰老的效果。主成分分析得出，产量构成因子、各器官干物质重，对产量的影响具有直接效应。分蘖期轻度亏缺（T1，60%～65% FC），其他阶段不受水分胁迫，可有效优化产量构成要素，提高各器官干物质重，不仅在提高保护性物质的同时获得高产，还能降低活性氧含量，可推荐为新疆滴灌春小麦节水高产的生产模式。

Abstract

Drought is one of the important stress factors affecting the growth and development processes of wheat in China’s arid zones, which severely limits the yield. This study examined the impact of deficit irrigation on the flag leaf protection system and yield of drip-irrigated spring wheat during the growth stages in arid zones. In addition, this study aimed to determine the optimal water supply mode for efficient production under drip irrigation conditions and to provide technical support for water-saving and high-yield cultivation of drip-irrigated wheat. The experiment was conducted with a split plot design using the water-sensitive variety Xinchun 22 (XC22) and the drought-tolerant variety Xinchun 6 (XC6) as the main plots, while a fully irrigated control (CK, 75–80% FC, where FC is field water holding capacity), mild deficit (T1, 60–65% FC) and moderate deficit (T2, 45–50% FC) at the tillering stage, and mild deficit (J1, 60–65% FC) and moderate deficit (J2, 45–50% FC) at the jointing stage were used as the subplots. Systematic studies were conducted on the regulatory effects of deficit irrigation during the tillering and jointing stages on protective substances, membrane lipid metabolism, endogenous hormones in the flag leaf, and yield of spring wheat. Compared with treatments T2 and J2, treatments T1 and J1 were beneficial for increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), the levels of proline (Pro), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and zeatin riboside (ZR), and the ratios IAA/abscisic acid (ABA), ZR/ABA, IAA/ZR, and (IAA+ZR)/ABA, while reducing the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anion radicals (O₂^–·), malondialdehyde (MDA), phosphatidic acid (PA), free fatty acids (FFA), ABA, phospholipase D (PLD), and lipoxygenase (LOX), alleviating flag leaf senescence, and increasing yield. Under treatment T1, the SOD, POD, CAT, and Pro levels of flag leaves in XC6 were 11.14, 8.08, 12.98, and 3.66% higher than those of treatment CK, and under treatment J1, they were 6.43, 4.49, 7.36, and 2.50% higher than those of treatment CK. Under treatment T1 in XC6, the IAA, ZR level of the flag leaf, spike number, grains per spike, 1,000-grain weight and yield were 10.50, 5.79, 3.10, 8.84, 3.78, and 10.52% higher than those of treatment CK, and under treatment J1, they were 5.36, 3.94, 2.40, 3.72, 1.37, and 4.46% higher than those of treatment CK. Compared with XC22, XC6 was more conducive to the improvement of flag leaf protective substances, IAA, ZR, dry matter weight, yield components and yield. The correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between IAA and ZR with SOD, POD, CAT, proline, and yield. IAA and ZR promoted the enhancement of protective enzyme activities, thereby clearing reactive oxygen species to cope with the oxidative stress caused by drought and achieve the effect of delaying senescence. Principal component analysis showed that yield components and dry matter weight, had direct effects on yield. Mild deficiency during the tillering stage without water stress in other stages could effectively optimize yield components, not only achieving high yield while increasing protective substances, but also reducing the reactive oxygen species content. This strategy can be recommended as a water-saving and high-yield production mode for drip irrigation of spring wheat in Xinjiang, China.

Keywords: spring wheat senescence protection system endogenous hormones yield

Received: 11 October 2024 Online: 20 March 2025 Accepted: 11 February 2025

Fund:

This study was made possible by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32060422).

About author: #Correspondence Guiying Jiang, E-mail: jgy67@126.com

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Ziqiang Che, Shuting Bie, Rongrong Wang, Yilin Ma, Yaoyuan Zhang, Fangfang He, Guiying Jiang. 2025. Mild deficit irrigation delays flag leaf senescence and increases yield in drip-irrigated spring wheat by regulating endogenous hormones. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 24(8): 2954-2973.

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