Optimal ethephon application strategies for enhancing lodging resistance and yield in maize under different irrigation and fertilisation regimes

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.022

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Minglong Yu^*, Mengfan Yang^*, Mingwei Du, Yushi Zhang, Zhaohu Li, Mingcai Zhang^#

Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100194, China

Highlights

1. High dose ethephon compensates for the efficacy loss of conventional dose ethephon caused by drip fertigation in maize by prolonging the effect duration.

2. High dose ethephon compensates for drip fertigation-induced decline in basal internode quality in maize by modulating hormonal balance and ethylene evolution, thereby enhancing lodging resistance.

3.The optimal ethephon concentration is 270 mg L⁻¹ under traditional water–fertiliser (TWF) with only pre-sowing irrigation, TWF with supplemental drip irrigations, and drip irrigation with water–fertiliser integration (DIWF) without plastic‑film mulching, whereas under DIWF with plastic‑film mulching, the optimal concentration increases to 540 mg L⁻¹.

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摘要

乙烯利被广泛用于玉米生产以降低重心并增强抗倒伏性，但其功效受到特定地点灌溉施肥制度的强烈影响。本研究旨在探讨在两个生态区（吴桥[WQ]和拜城[BC]）的两种不同管理制度—传统水肥（TWF）和滴灌水肥一体化（DIWF）下，优化乙烯利施用浓度对玉米抗倒伏性和产量的影响。使用两个玉米杂交种（沃玉3 [WY3]和京农科728 [JNK728]）和三种乙烯利浓度（0 mg L⁻¹ [CK]、270 mg L⁻¹ [E270]和540 mg L⁻¹ [E540]），于2023和2024年在WQ以及2024年在BC进行了田间试验。与TWF_E270相比，DIWF_E270（滴灌水肥一体化下喷施270 mg L⁻¹乙烯利）均使两个生态点的乙烯利效应期缩短了1.9天，导致穗位高增加，茎秆质量下降，倒伏率显著提高。然而，DIWF_E540表现出补偿效应—与DIWF_E270相比，其在WQ和BC的乙烯利效应期分别延长了3.6天和4.9天。延长乙烯利效应期通过增加乙烯释放并抑制赤霉素和生长素浓度来优化基部节间形态（降低长度、增加横截面积和质量密度）和质量（增加穿刺强度、断裂强度和木质素沉积），从而改善了植株的构型性状（降低了株高、穗位高、重心高和穗比）并显著降低倒伏率。然而，乙烯利对产量的影响因地点和管理制度而异。优化乙烯利施用策略实现了最高的生产力。在仅进行播前灌溉的TWF模式下，最优乙烯利浓度为270 mg L⁻¹，但会造成产量降低。对于有补充滴灌的TWF模式以及无覆膜的DIWF模式，最优浓度仍为270 mg L⁻¹，产量分别增加3.9%和4.3%。相比之下，在覆膜的DIWF模式下，最优乙烯利浓度为540 mg L⁻¹，可实现6.5%的产量增加。这些结果表明，根据灌溉施肥制度调整乙烯利施用浓度可以优化增产与抗倒伏性之间的平衡，这突显了将化学调控策略与当地农艺措施相结合以实现玉米可持续生产的潜力。

Abstract

Ethephon is widely applied in maize production to reduce centre of gravity and enhance lodging resistance; however, its efficacy is strongly influenced by site-specific irrigation and fertilisation regimes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of optimised ethephon concentrations on lodging resistance and yield under two contrasting management systems—traditional water–fertiliser (TWF) and drip irrigation with water–fertiliser integration (DIWF)—across two ecological regions (Wuqiao [WQ] and Baicheng [BC]). Field experiments were conducted in 2023 and 2024 at WQ and in 2024 at BC, using two maize hybrids (Woyu 3 [WY3] and Jingnongke 728 [JNK728]) and three ethephon concentrations (0 mg L⁻¹ [CK], 270 mg L⁻¹ [E270], and 540 mg L⁻¹ [E540]). DIWF_E270 (DIWF with 270 mg L⁻¹ethephon) shortened the effect duration by 1.9 d at both ecological sites, leading to increased ear height, reduced stalk quality, and significantly higher lodging rates compared with those in TWF_E270. However, DIWF_E540 exhibited a compensatory effect—prolonging the effect duration by 3.6 d in WQ and 4.9 d in BC compared with that in DIWF_E270. The prolonged effective duration of ethephon optimised basal internode morphology (decreased length, increased cross-sectional area, and greater mass density) and quality (increased rind penetration strength, breaking strength, and lignin deposition) by increasing ethylene evolution while suppressing gibberellin and auxin concentrations. These changes improved plant architecture traits (lower plant height, ear height, centre of gravity height, and ear ratio) and significantly reduced lodging rate. However, its effects on yield varied by site and regime. Optimizing ethephon application strategies achieved the highest productivity. Under TWF with only pre-sowing irrigation, the optimal ethephon concentration was 270 mg L⁻¹, though it resulted in yield reduction. For TWF with supplemental drip irrigations and DIWF without plastic‑film mulching, the optimal concentration remained 270 mg L⁻¹, increasing yields by 3.9 and by 4.3%, respectively. In contrast, under DIWF with plastic‑film mulching, the optimal ethephon concentration was 540 mg L⁻¹, achieving a 6.5% yield increase. These findings suggest that adjusting ethephon concentrations to irrigation–fertilisation regimes optimise the balance between increased yield and lodging resistance, highlighting the potential of integrating chemical regulation strategies with local agronomic practices for sustainable maize production.

Keywords: maize ethephon irrigation and fertilisation regimes lodging rate yield

Online: 15 January 2026

Fund:

This work was financially supported by the Science and Technology Planning Projects of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China (2024AB030), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD2301304), and the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission Project, China (Z221100006422005).

About author: Minglong Yu, E-mail: 15776559827@163.com; #Corresponding author Mingcai Zhang, E-mail: zmc1214@163.com *These two authors contributed equally to this research.

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Minglong Yu, Mengfan Yang, Mingwei Du, Yushi Zhang, Zhaohu Li, Mingcai Zhang. 2026. Optimal ethephon application strategies for enhancing lodging resistance and yield in maize under different irrigation and fertilisation regimes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.01.022

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