Novel AP-SNPs mitigate cadmium stress by regulating carbon-nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in rice

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.009

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Zaid Khan^1,^2*, Songpo Duan¹^*, Fan Xianting¹, Sajjad Ahmad¹, Chuan Jin³, Chunmei Yang¹, Mohammad Nauman Khan⁴, Kangkang Zhang⁵, Hong Shen¹^#

¹College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

²School of Architectural Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518000, China

³Hainan Baoting Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China

⁴Research Center for Physiology and Ecology and Green Cultivation of Tropical Crops, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China

⁵MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China

Highlights

1. AP-SNPs present a sustainable approach decreasing cadmium exposure in agricultural systems.

2. AP-SNPs enhanced selenium uptake, gene expression, and coordinated activation of metabolic pathways.

3. Enhance oxidative defense, nutritional metabolism, and photosynthetic efficiency to increase rice growth in cadmium-polluted areas.

Abstract
References

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摘要

硒因其能缓解水稻中的镉(Cd)毒性而为人所知，但海藻类多糖-纳米硒颗粒(AP-SNPs)通过调节碳氮代谢来减轻Cd胁迫的机制尚不清楚。本研究发现，处理7天和14天后，AP-SNPs通过促进硒的吸收与转运以及上调硒编码基因(OsPT2、OsNIP2;和OsSULTR1;2)的转录水平，改善了水稻根系和叶片细胞的超微结构、提高了叶片气孔开度和光合特性，并减少Cd从根部向地上部转运。研究发现，AP-SNPs通过上调碳氮代谢相关基因(OsRbcS2、OsCS1、OsAGPL1、OsAMT1、OsNRT2.1、OsNR2、OsGS1 和 OsGOGAT1)的转录水平，促进了碳氮代谢中代谢物和酶的浓度。与镉胁迫相比，AP-SNPs处理7天和14天时，根系SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高11-13%、8-10%和8-12%，从而抵消Cd胁迫下活性氧造成的损伤。此外，AP-SNPs 还能促进水稻的碳氮代谢、改善生理状态、增强抗氧化防御系统，并在7天和14天处理时，使水稻根部和地上部镉含量分别降低12-23%和30-39%，总镉含量和镉转运系数分别降低28-46%和14-27%。偏最小二乘模型(PLSM)和Mantel检验的显著相关矩阵进一步量化了上述发现，并表明AP-SNPs可作为一种绿色可持续的生物制剂，通过调节水稻的碳氮代谢和抗氧化防御系统，来最大限度地减少镉从根部向地上部的转运及其进入食物链的风险。

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is known for alleviating cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.), but algal polysaccharides-selenium nanoparticles (AP-SNPs) mitigating Cd stress by regulating carbon-nitrogen metabolism is unknown. Herein, we found that AP-SNPs improved root and leaf cell ultrastructure, leaf stomatal and photosynthetic traits and reduced the Cd translocation from roots to shoots via Se absorption, translocation as well as upregulating the transcription factors of Se encoding genes OsPT2, OsNIP 2;1, and OsSULTR1;2 at 7 and 14 days after treatment (DAT). The findings showed that AP-SNPs promoted the concentrations of metabolites and enzymes of carbon-nitrogen metabolism by upregulating the transcript levels of OsRbcS2, OsCS1, OsAGPL1, OsAMT1, OsNRT2.1, OsNR2, OsGS1, and OsGOGAT1 genes. Additionally, AP-SNPs addition increased the levels of SOD by 11-13%, POD by 10-8%, and CAT by 8-12%, respectively, at 7 and 14 DAT to counteract the damage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under Cd stress. The results revealed that AP-SNPs promoted the carbon and nitrogen metabolism, physiological status, and antioxidant defense system of rice and decreased the Cd content in rice root by 12-23%, rice shoot 30-39%, total Cd content 28-46%, and Cd translocation factor 14-27%, respectively at 7 and 14 DAT. The significant correlation matrixes of the partial least square model (PLSM) and Mantel test further quantify the above findings and imply that AP-SNPs can be a green and sustainable biological compound that regulates carbon-nitrogen metabolism and the antioxidant defense system of rice to minimize Cd transfer from roots to shoots and the food web.

Keywords: cadmium algal polysaccharides-selenium nanoparticles carbon and nitrogen metabolism antioxidants gene expression

Online: 07 July 2025

Fund:

This work was financially supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2024A1515011927), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0200405-5), and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2021A1515010566).

About author: #Correspondence Hong Shen, E-mail: hshen@scau.edu.cn *These authors contributed equally to this study

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Zaid Khan, Songpo Duan, Fan Xianting, Sajjad Ahmad, Chuan Jin, Chunmei Yang, Mohammad Nauman Khan, Kangkang Zhang, Hong Shen. 2025. Novel AP-SNPs mitigate cadmium stress by regulating carbon-nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.009

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