Rational nitrogen application improves photosynthetic capacity and yield by prolonging the leaf source function of drip-irrigated rice

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.006

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Zhiwen Song¹*, Guodong Wang²*, Lei Zhao¹, Qingyun Tang¹, Xinjiang Zhang¹, Qifeng Wu^2#, Yuxiang Li¹^#

¹Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecological Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, China

²Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture in Northwest Oasis/Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water and Fertilizer Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China

Highlights

l Under drip irrigation, a nitrogen (N) application rate of 300 kg ha⁻¹ increased the chlorophyll (Chl), leaf area index (LAI), and maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax) and decreased the light compensation point (I_c) and dark respiration rate (R_d), thereby increasing the rice yield.

l In the high- nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) cultivar T-43, Chl a+b accumulation was promoted, light saturation point (I_sat) and P_nmax were improved through increased N-metabolizing enzyme activity, and the leaf functional period was maintained via increased hormone contents and antioxidant enzyme activities, thus improving the photosynthetic ability.

l A relatively high abscisic acid (ABA) level in the low-NUE cultivar LX-3 accelerated the degradation of Chl b, increased the Chl a/b ratio, decreased the light interception ability, and increased I_c and R_d.

Abstract
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摘要

氮不仅为籽粒发育提供营养支持，还通过调节叶片功能和延缓衰老，为高效光合作用和产量形成奠定基础。但在滴灌下，不同施氮量对水稻生殖生长阶段叶片功能的调控及与产量的关系尚不清楚。基于此，于2020－2021年，以氮高效（T-43）和氮低效（LX-3）品种为材料，设0、150、300和450 kg·ha⁻¹ 4个施氮水平，分析滴灌水稻叶片形态、光合特性、激素含量、抗氧化酶活性、生物量（Mass）及产量的响应差异。结果表明：（1）施氮显著提高滴灌水稻产量（17.38%~74.03%），其中叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素a+b含量（Chl a+b）、最大净光合速率（P_nmax）及物质积累量（Mass）均随施氮量呈先增后降趋势，并在N₃₀₀处理下达到最优；而剑叶叶面积（LA）则持续增加。（2）品种间，T-43更高的LA和氮代谢酶活性，从而提高了Chl a+b含量、光饱和点（I_sat）和物质积累量；LX-3更高的脱落酸（ABA）含量，加速了Chl b降解导致Chl a/b升高，从而抑制了P_nmax。（3）

结构方程模型进一步揭示，生长素（IAA）直接促进P_nmax从而提升了光合作用效率；而IAA和氮代谢酶正向促进Chl a+b积累，间接提高了LAI和氮素农学利用效率（NAE），进而增强了LAI（0.477***）和P_nmax（0.715***）对产量的正向贡献。综上所述，在适宜施氮量（300kg·ha⁻¹）下，氮高效品种（T-43）可维持叶片功能期，并通过增加激素含量和抗氧化酶活性来提高光合能力。研究结果可为干旱区滴灌水稻高效生产提供理论依据。

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) not only provides nutritional support for grain development but also lays the foundation for efficient photosynthesis and yield formation by regulating leaf function and delaying senescence. However, the regulation of leaf function during the reproductive growth stage and its relationship with yield under drip irrigation remain unclear. Therefore, from 2020–2021, a cultivar with high nitrogen use efficiency (high-NUE) (T-43) and a low-NUE cultivar (LX-3) were used as the study materials and were grown under drip irrigation with four N fertilization levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha⁻¹); the differences in leaf morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, hormone contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, biomass (mass), and yield were analysed. The results revealed the following: (1) N application significantly increased the yield of drip-irrigated rice (17.38-74.03%), and with increasing N application rate, the leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll a+b (Chl a+b) content, maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax) and mass initially increased but then decreased, reaching optimum values under N₃₀₀, whereas the flag leaf area (LA) continued to increase. (2) Between the cultivars, T-43 presented relatively high LA and N-metabolizing enzyme activities, thereby increasing the Chl a+b content, light saturation point (I_sat), and mass accumulation; LX-3 presented relatively high abscisic acid (ABA) content, and the accelerated degradation of Chl b resulted in an increased Chl a/b ratio, which inhibited P_nmax. (3) Structural equation modelling (SEM) further revealed that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) directly increased P_nmax to increase photosynthetic efficiency, whereas the positive promoting effect of IAA and N-metabolizing enzymes on Chl a+b indirectly increased the LAI and N agronomic efficiency (NAE), thus promoting the positive effects of LAI (0.477^***) and P_nmax (0.715^***) on yield. In summary, under the appropriate N application rate (300 kg ha⁻¹), in the high-NUE cultivar (T-43), the leaf functional period was maintained, and the photosynthetic capacity was increased via increased hormone contents and antioxidant enzyme activities. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the efficient production of drip-irrigated rice in arid areas.

Keywords: drip-irrigated rice nitrogen utilization leaves light response yield

Online: 05 July 2025

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32360527 and 31460541) and the Bingtuan Science and Technology Program of Xinjiang (2022ZD054).

About author: #Correspondence Yuxiang Li, E-mail: yxli@shzu.edu.cn; Qifeng Wu, E-mail: wqf-2005@163.com * Indicates the authors who contributed equally to this study.

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Zhiwen Song, Guodong Wang, Lei Zhao, Qingyun Tang, Xinjiang Zhang, Qifeng Wu, Yuxiang Li. 2025. Rational nitrogen application improves photosynthetic capacity and yield by prolonging the leaf source function of drip-irrigated rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.006

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