Nitrate leaching of winter wheat grown in lysimeters as affected by fertilizers and irrigation on the North China Plain
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy/National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agriculture University, Tai’an 2 71018, P.R.China
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy/National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agriculture University, Tai’an 2 71018, P.R.China
摘要 Proper application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency (NUE). A lysimeter/rain shelter facility was used to study effects of the rate of N fertilization, type of N fertilizer, and irrigation level on key aspects of winter wheat production over three growing seasons (response variables were nitrate transport, N leaching, and NUE). Results indicated that nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization. At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment while urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer. With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil, yet no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment. The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha-1 rate in 2011–2012 (season 3). In terms of grain yield (GY), dry matter (DM) or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010 (season 1), yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3. GY and crop nitrogen uptake (NU) were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased; GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation. Data indicated that reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.
Abstract Proper application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers and irrigation management are important production practices that can reduce nitrate leaching into groundwater and improve the N use efficiency (NUE). A lysimeter/rain shelter facility was used to study effects of the rate of N fertilization, type of N fertilizer, and irrigation level on key aspects of winter wheat production over three growing seasons (response variables were nitrate transport, N leaching, and NUE). Results indicated that nitrate concentration in the soil profile and N leaching increased with the rate of N fertilization. At the end of the third season, nitrate concentration in the top 0–75 cm layer of soil was higher with manure treatment while urea treatments resulted in higher concentrations in the 100–200 cm layer. With normal irrigation, 3.4 to 15.3% of N from applied fertilizer was leached from the soil, yet no leaching occurred under a stress irrigation treatment. The manure treatment experienced less N leaching than the urea treatment in all cases except for the 180 kg N ha-1 rate in 2011–2012 (season 3). In terms of grain yield (GY), dry matter (DM) or NUE parameters, values for the manure treatment were lower than for the urea treatment in 2009–2010 (season 1), yet were otherwise higher for urea treatment in season 3. GY and crop nitrogen uptake (NU) were elevated when the rate of N fertilizer increased, while the NUE decreased; GY, DM, and NU increased with the amount of irrigation. Data indicated that reduced rates of N fertilization combined with increased manure application and proper irrigation management can lower nitrate levels in the subsoil and reduce potential N leaching into groundwater.
The research was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171497), the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (NUE-CROPS 222645), the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2013BAD07B06-2), the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System (CARS-02), the Shandong Province Agricultural (Maize) Breeding Project, China (lnlzz2013-1), the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203096, 201203100).
GU Li-min, LIU Tie-ning, ZHAO Jun, DONG Shu-ting, LIU Peng, ZHANG Ji-wang, ZHAO Bin.
2015.
Nitrate leaching of winter wheat grown in lysimeters as affected by fertilizers and irrigation on the North China Plain. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(2): 374-388.
Basso B, Ritchie J T. 2005. Impact of compost, manure andinorganic fertilizer on nitrate leaching and yield for a 6-yearmaize-alfalfa rotation in Michigan. Agriculture, Ecosystemsand Environment, 108, 329-341
Bergstrom L, Brink N. 1986. Effects of differentiated applicationsof fertilizer N leaching losses and distribution of inorganicN in soil. Plant and Soil, 93, 333-345
Chang C, Entz T. 1996. Nitrate leaching losses under repeatedcattle feedlot manure applications in Southern Alberta.Journal of Environmental Quality, 25, 145-153
Chen G J, Lu Y T, Cao L K, Zhang D D. 2004. Testing-holeon the nitrogen leaching loss in the winter wheat. Journalof Agro-Environment Science, 23, 494-498 ( in Chinese)
Chen X M, Wu H S, Wo F. 2007. Nitrate vertical transport in themain paddy soils of Tai Lake region, China. Geoderma, 142,136-141
Davies D B, Sylvester-Bradley R. 1995. The contributionof fertilizer nitrogen to leachable nitrogen in the UK: Areview. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,68, 399-406
Delin S, Nyberg A, Lindén B, Ferm M, Torstensson G, LereniusC, Gruvaeus I. 2008. Impact of crop protection on nitrogenutilisation and losses in winter wheat production. EuropeanJournal of Agronomy, 28, 361-370
Di H J, Cameron K C. 2002. Nitrate leaching in temperateagroecosystems: Sources, factors and mitigating strategies.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 46, 237-256
Engström L, Stenberg M, Aronsson H, Lindén B. 2010.Reducing nitrate leaching after winter oilseed rape andpeas in mild and cold winters. Agronomy for SustainableDevelopment, 31, 337-347
Fan J, Hao M D, Dang T H. 2000. Distribution and accumulationof NO3--N in soil profile of long-term located fertilizerexperiment. Soil And Environmental Scieces, 9, 23-26
Fan J, Hao M D, Shao M A. 2003. Nitrate accumulation in soilprofile of dry land farming in Northwest China. Pedosphere,13, 367-374
Fang R Y, Tong Y A, Geng Z C, Liang D L. 2003. Effect oflong-term organic fertilization on wheat yield and soil fertilityon Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 11,47-49 (in Chinese)
Fedkiw J. 1991. Nitrate occurrence in U.S. waters (and relatedquestions): A reference summary of published sources froman agricultural perspective. United States Department ofAgriculture.Follett R F, Delgado J A. 2002. Nitrogen fate and transportin agricultural systems. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation, 57, 402-408
Gao R, Li Y Y, Yang R, Wei H A, Nie M, Zhang M Y, Wu J S.2012. Study on nitrate leaching characteristics in arable soilsin subtropical region. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,18, 839-852 (in Chinese)
GB 5749-2006 2006. Sanitary standard for drinking water.Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China. (inChinese)
Gheysari M, Mirlatifi S M, Homaee M, Asadi M E, HoogenboomG. 2009. Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field underdifferent irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates. AgriculturalWater Management, 96, 946-954
Goulding K. 2000. Nitrate leaching from arable and horticulturalland. Soil Use Management, 16, 145-151
Hall M D, Shaffer M J, Waskom R M, Delgado J A. 2001.Regional nitrate leaching variability: What makes adifference in Northeastern Colorado. Journal of theAmerican Water Resources Association, 37, 139-150
Jackson L E, Stivers L J, Warden B T, Tanji K K. 1994. Cropnitrogen utilization and soil nitrate loss in a lettuce field.Fertilizer Research, 37, 93-105
Jiang D Y, Yu Z W, Xu Z H. 2011. Effects of irrigation amountand nitrogen fertilization rate on wheat yield and soil nitratecontent. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 22, 364-368(in Chinese)
Jie X L, Han Y L, Tan J F, Peng H, Gao W H, Zhang H P, WamgL H, Wang X Z. 1998. Studies on interactive effect andcoupling model of irrigation and N application in differentfertility wheat fields. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 24, 963-970(in Chinese)
Kandeler E, Eder G, Sobotik M. 1994. Microbial biomass,N-mineralization, and the activities of various enzymes inrelation to nitrate leaching and root distribution in a slurryamendedgrassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 18, 7-12
Kirda C, Derici M R, Schepers J S. 2001. Yield responseand N fertiliser recovery of rainfed wheat growing in theMediterranean region. Field Crop Research, 71, 113-122
Li F S, Kang S Z, Zhang J H, Cohen S. 2003. Effects ofatmospheric CO2 enrichment, water status and appliednitrogen on water-and nitrogen-use efficiencies of wheat.Plant and Soil, 254, 279-289
Liang X Q, Xu L, Li H, He M M, Qian Y C, Liu J, Nie Z Y, Ye YS, Chen Y X. 2011. Influence of N fertilization rates, rainfall,and temperature on nitrate leaching from a rainfed winterwheat field in Taihu watershed. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 36, 395-400
Lind A M, Debosz K K, Maag M. 1995. N-balance for mineralN on spring barley cropped sandy loam and coarse sandysoil with mineral and organic fertilizers. Acta AgriculturaeScandinavica (B-Plant Soil Sciences), 45, 39-50
Liu C Z, Kou C L, Wang Q J. 1996. Effect of long-term fertilizationon sandy soil fertility change and nitrate accumulation anddistribution. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 27, 216-218(in Chinese)
Liu J, Liu H, Huang S M, Yang X Y, Wang B, Li X Y, Ma Y B.2010. Nitrogen efficiency in long-term wheat-maize croppingsystems under diverse field sites in China. Field CropsResearch, 118, 145-151
Ma J H, Ren L, Gong Y S. 2004. Numerical simulation ofnitrogen transport during the growth of winter wheat. Journalof Hydraulic Engineering, 3, 103-110 (in Chinese)
Martin E C, Loudon T L, Ritchie J T, Werner A. 1994. Useof drainage lysimeters to evaluate nitrogen and irrigationmanagement strategies to minimize nitrate leaching inmaize production. Transactions of the ASABE, 37, 79-83
Mediavilla V, Stauffer W, Siegenthaler A. 1995. Pig slurry andsewage sludge: Effects on soil properties. Agrarforschung,2, 265-268
Milburn P, Richards J E, Gartley C, Pollock T, O’Neill H, BaileyH. 1990. Nitrate leaching from systematically tiled potatofields in New Brunswick. Journal of Environmental Quality,19, 448-454
Pandey R K, Maranville J W, Admou A. 2000. Deficit irrigationand nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment.I. Grain yield and yield components. Agricultural WaterManagement, 46, 1-13
Plant Z, Butow B J, Blumenthal C S, Wrigley C W. 2004.Transport of dry matter into developing wheat kernels andits contribution to grain yield under post-anthesis waterdeficit and elevated temperature. Field Crops Research,86, 185-198
Richter J, Roelcke M. 2000. The N-cycle as determined byintensive agriculture examples from central Europe andChina. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 57, 33-46
Sallade Y E, Sims J T. 1994. Nitrate leaching in an AtlanticCoastal Plain soil amended with poultry manure or ureaammoniumnitrate: Influence of thiosulfate. Water, Air, andSoil Pollution, 78, 307-316
Spalding R F, Exner M E. 1993. Occurrence of nitrate ingroundwater-A review. Journal of Environmental Quality,22, 392-402
Stevens W B, Hoeft R G, Mulvaney R L. 2005. Fate ofnitrogen-15 in a long-term nitrogen rate study. AgronomyJournal, 97, 1046-1053
Tang Z, Qiu J J, Zhou G Y, Wang L G. 2010. Effects of differentwater and organic fertilizer managements on the N balanceand nitrate leaching in sunlight greenhouse vegetablesystem. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 1, 19-24(in Chinese)
Thomas R L, Sheard R W, Moyer J R. 1967. Comparisonof conventional and automated procedures for nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium analysis of plant material usinga single digestion. Agronomy Journal, 59, 240-243
Tyson A, Dixon M L, Segars W. 1992. Your Drinking Water:Nitrates Extension Publication. 819-5. University of Georgia,Athens, GA, USA.
Vasconcelos E, Cabral F, Cordovil, C M D S. 1997. Effects ofsolid phase from pig slurry on soil chemical characteristics,nitrate leaching, composition, and yield of wheat. Journalof Environmental Quality, 20, 939-952
Wang C H, Wang B, Li S X. 2004. Influence of water deficit andsupplemental irrigation on nitrogen uptake by winter wheatand nitrogen residual in soil．Chinese Journal of AppliedEcology, 15, 1339-1343 (in Chinese)
Webster C P, Shepherd M A, Goulding K W T, Lord E. 1993.Comparisons of methods for measuring the leaching ofmineral nitrogen from arable land. Journal of Soil Science,44, 49-62
Wu Y C, Zhou S L, Wang Z M, Luo Y Q. 2005. Dyanmics andresidue of soil nitrate in summer maize field of North China.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 25, 1620-1625 (in Chinese)
Xie Y X, Wang X M, Wang H C, Wang Y H, Zhu Y J, Guo T C.2009. Coupling effect of inorganic and organic manures ongrain yield and starch pasting traits of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Journal of Triticeae Crops, 29, 299-302 (inChinese)
Xing G X, Zhu Z L. 2000. An assessment of N loss fromagricultural fields to the environment in China. NutrientCycling in Agroecosystems, 57, 67-73.
Yang S M, Li F M, Malhi S S, Wang P, Suo D R, Wang J G.2004. Long-term fertilization effects on crop yield andnitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil in Northwestern China.Agronomy Journal, 96, 1039-1049
Yu G F, Wu H T, Wei Y S, Mao B H. 1999. Study on nitrogenmigration in purple soil and nitrogen uptake by rice. PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science, 5, 316-320 (in Chinese)
Yuan X M, Tong Y A, Yang X Y, Li X L, Zhang F S. 2000.Effect of irrigation and precipitation on soil nitrate nitrogenaccumulation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 14,71-74 (in Chinese)
Yuan X M, Tong Y A, Yang X Y, Li X L, Zhang F S. 2000. Effectof organic manure on soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation.Soil and Environmental Sciences, 9, 197-200 (in Chinese)
Zhang F S, Wang J Q, Zhang W F, Cui Z L, Ma W Q, ChenX P, Jiang R F, 2008. Nutrient use efficiencies of majorcereal crops in China and measures for improvement. ActaPedologica Sinica, 45, 915-924 (in Chinese)
Zhang S X, Li X Y, Li X P, Yuan F M, Yao Z H, Sun Y L, ZhangF D. 2004. Crop yield, N uptake and nitrates in a fluvo-aquicsoil profile. Pedosphere, 14, 131-136
Zhang Y M, Hu C S, Zhang J B, Chen D L, Li X X. 2005. Nitrateleaching in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation field in theNorth China plain. Pedosphere, 15, 196-203
Zhang Y L, Yu Z W. 2008. Effects of irrigation amount onnitrogen uptake, distribution, use, and grain yield andquality in wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 34, 870–878.(in Chinese)
