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    					| Inoculation with chlamydospores of Trichoderma asperellum SM- 12F1 accelerated arsenic volatilization and influenced arsenic availability in soils | 
  					 
  										
  										
						|  WANG Xiu-rong, SU Shi-ming, ZENG Xi-bai, BAI Ling-yu, LI Lian-fang, DUAN Ran, WANG Ya-nan, WU Cui-xia | 
					 
										
										
						| Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, P.R.China | 
					 
										
										
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													     		                            						                            																	    摘要  Fungi capable of arsenic (As) accumulation and volatilization are hoped to tackle As-contaminated environment in the future. However, little data is available regarding their performances in field soils. In this study, the chlamydospores of Trichoderma asperellum SM-12F1 capable of As resistance, accumulation, and volatilization were inoculated into As-contaminated Chenzhou (CZ) and Shimen (SM) soils, and subsequently As volatilization and availability were assessed. The results indicated that T. asperellum SM-12F1 could reproduce well in As-contaminated soils. After cultivated for 42 days, the colony forming units (cfu) of T. asperellum SM-12F1 in CZ and SM soils reached 1010–1011 cfu g–1 fresh soil when inoculated at a rate of 5.0%. Inoculation with chlamydospores of T. asperellum SM-12F1 could significantly accelerate As volatilization from soils. The contents of volatilized As from CZ and SM soils after being inoculated with chlamydospores at a rate of 5.0% for 42 days were 2.0 and 0.6 μg kg–1, respectively, which were about 27.5 and 2.5 times higher than their corresponding controls of no inoculation (CZ, 0.1 μg kg–1; SM, 0.3 μg kg–1). Furthermore, the available As content in SM soils was decreased by 23.7%, and that in CZ soils increased by 3.3% compared with their corresponding controls. Further studies showed that soil pH values significantly decreased as a function of cultivation time or the inoculation level of chlamydospores. The pH values in CZ and SM soils after being inoculated with 5.0% of chlamydospores for 42 days were 6.04 and 6.02, respectively, which were lowered by 0.34 and 1.21 compared with their corresponding controls (CZ, 6.38; SM, 7.23). The changes in soil pH and As-binding fractions after inoculation might be responsible for the changes in As availability. These observations could shed light on the future remediation of As-contaminated soils using fungi.
														
  
															                            																	    Abstract  Fungi capable of arsenic (As) accumulation and volatilization are hoped to tackle As-contaminated environment in the future. However, little data is available regarding their performances in field soils. In this study, the chlamydospores of Trichoderma asperellum SM-12F1 capable of As resistance, accumulation, and volatilization were inoculated into As-contaminated Chenzhou (CZ) and Shimen (SM) soils, and subsequently As volatilization and availability were assessed. The results indicated that T. asperellum SM-12F1 could reproduce well in As-contaminated soils. After cultivated for 42 days, the colony forming units (cfu) of T. asperellum SM-12F1 in CZ and SM soils reached 1010–1011 cfu g–1 fresh soil when inoculated at a rate of 5.0%. Inoculation with chlamydospores of T. asperellum SM-12F1 could significantly accelerate As volatilization from soils. The contents of volatilized As from CZ and SM soils after being inoculated with chlamydospores at a rate of 5.0% for 42 days were 2.0 and 0.6 μg kg–1, respectively, which were about 27.5 and 2.5 times higher than their corresponding controls of no inoculation (CZ, 0.1 μg kg–1; SM, 0.3 μg kg–1). Furthermore, the available As content in SM soils was decreased by 23.7%, and that in CZ soils increased by 3.3% compared with their corresponding controls. Further studies showed that soil pH values significantly decreased as a function of cultivation time or the inoculation level of chlamydospores. The pH values in CZ and SM soils after being inoculated with 5.0% of chlamydospores for 42 days were 6.04 and 6.02, respectively, which were lowered by 0.34 and 1.21 compared with their corresponding controls (CZ, 6.38; SM, 7.23). The changes in soil pH and As-binding fractions after inoculation might be responsible for the changes in As availability. These observations could shed light on the future remediation of As-contaminated soils using fungi.
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																	Received: 30 November 2013  
															
							
							
																	Accepted: 
															
							
							
							
															
							
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															| Fund:  the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41101296), and the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2012BAD14B02).  | 
														 
																											    														
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																Corresponding Authors: 
																ZENG Xi-bai,Tel: +86-10-82105612, E-mail: zengxibai@caas.cn   
																
													     		
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															| About author:  WANG Xiu-rong, Tel: +86-10-82106009, E-mail: 124922870wxr@ sina.com; SU Shi-ming, Tel: +86-10-82106009, E-mail: sushiming@caas.cn; * These authors contributed equally to this study. | 
														 
																											 
												 
												
												
												
												 
												
												
												
												
												
												Cite this article:  
														
				 WANG  Xiu-rong, SU  Shi-ming, ZENG  Xi-bai, BAI  Ling-yu, LI  Lian-fang, DUAN  Ran, WANG  Ya-nan, WU  Cui-xia. 
		2015. 
		Inoculation with chlamydospores of Trichoderma asperellum SM- 12F1 accelerated arsenic volatilization and influenced arsenic availability in soils. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(2): 389-397.
                                                           
														  
														
														  
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