Partial organic fertilizer substitution and water-saving irrigation can reduce greenhouse gas emissions in aromatic rice paddy by regulating soil microorganisms while increasing yield and aroma

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.06.012

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Ligong Peng^{1, 2, 3}^*, Sicheng Deng^{1, 2, 3}^*, Wentao Yi^{1, 2, 3}, Yizhu Wu^{1, 2, 3}, Yingying Zhang^{1, 2, 3}, Xiangbin Yao^{1, 2, 3}, Pipeng Xing^{1, 2, 3}, Baoling Cui^{1, 2, 3}, Xiangru Tang^{1, 2, 3}^#

¹State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

²Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China

³Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Fragrant Rice, Guangzhou 510642, China

Highlights

• Partial organic fertilizer substitution and water-saving irrigation significantly reduced CH₄ emissions and global warming potential, but increased N₂O emissions.

• Partial organic fertilizer substitution and water-saving irrigation affected CH₄ and N₂O emissions by altering the structure of microbes and the activities of key enzymes in metabolic pathways of CH₄ and nitrogen.

• Partial organic fertilizer substitution and water-saving irrigation significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and 2-AP content.

Abstract
References

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摘要

我国是全球最大的水稻生产国，而稻田CH₄ 和N₂O的排放是我国温室气体排放的重要源头。香稻因其特有的浓郁香味被消费者喜爱，但由于香稻的增香栽培与普通水稻不同，香稻增香栽培与稻田温室气体排放的关系不够清楚。为探明增香栽培条件下，香稻田微生物结构和功能变化及与温室气体排放的关系。因此，通过在兴宁、南雄、从化、罗定和增城5个不同的生态点分别实施2年的有机肥替代部分化肥和节水灌溉（IOF+W）和常规栽培（CK）的田间试验。分析测定了香稻稻田的CH₄ 、N₂O排放通量和总量、土壤微生物组成和功能、增温趋势（GWP）、氮肥利用率，产量以及香味物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉（2-AP）的含量，研究了IOF+W对CH₄和N₂O的排放的影响及与土壤微生物的关系。结果表明，IOF+W显著降低了CH₄ 排放通量和总量（降低36.95%）及增温趋势（降低31.29%），显著增加了N₂O排放通量和总量（增加14.82%）；IOF+W改变了土壤微生物群落结构，产甲烷菌丰度降低，甲烷氧化菌、消化细菌和反硝化细菌丰度提高，甲烷产生关键酶甲基辅酶M还原酶、甲酰甲基呋喃脱氢酶和甲基转移酶活性降低，而甲烷氧化关键酶甲醇脱氢酶活性增加，从而使总体甲烷代谢通路降低，反硝化关键酶亚硝酸氧化还原酶和硝化细菌关键酶氨单加氧酶、羟胺氧化还原酶活性上调，从而使氮代谢通路增强。上述结果表明，稻田CH₄ 和N₂O的排放与土壤相应微生物的组成及其调节的代谢功能有关，且IOF+W显著增加了氮肥利用率（增加47.83%）、产量（增加14.77%）和2-AP含量（增加13.78%），IOF+W是华南地区香稻绿色、高效、高产、优质生产的有效措施。

Abstract

As the global leader in rice production, China’s paddy fields contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions through methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) releases. Aromatic rice cultivation practices have been optimized to enhance the aroma, so the relationship between its cultivation and greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields is unclear. To investigate how aroma-enhancing cultivation practices drive microbial community dynamics in aromatic rice paddies and their implications for greenhouse gas emissions, a two-year experiment in five ecological locations (Xingning, Nanxiong, Conghua, Luoding, and Zengcheng) compared two farming practices: partial organic substitution for inorganic fertilizers combined with water-saving irrigation (IOF+W) and traditional cultivation (CK). The CH₄ and N₂O emissions, soil microbial composition and function, global warming potential (GWP), nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and the content of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) were measured and analyzed. The main purpose was to investigate the impact of IOF+W on CH₄ and N₂O emissions and their relationship with soil microorganisms. The results showed that IOF+W significantly reduced CH₄ emission fluxes and totals (36.95%) and GWP (31.29%), while significantly increasing N₂O emission fluxes and totals (14.82%). The soil microbial community structure was reshaped by the IOF+W treatment, which suppressed methanogens but enhanced the abundances of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. Key enzymatic activities involved in CH₄ production, such as methyl-coenzyme M reductase, formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase, and methyltransferase, decreased. In contrast, the activity of the key CH₄-oxidizing enzyme methanol dehydrogenase increased. This shift led to an overall attenuation of the CH₄ production metabolism while enhancing the CH₄ oxidation metabolism. In addition, the activities of pivotal enzymes involved in denitrification and nitrification were improved, thus enhancing nitrogen nitrification and denitrification metabolism. Moreover, the IOF+W treatment significantly increased nitrogen use efficiency (47.83%), yield (14.77%), and 2-AP content (13.78%). Therefore, the IOF+W treatment demonstrated good efficacy as a sustainable strategy for achieving productive, green, resource-efficient, and premium-quality aromatic rice cultivation in South China.

Keywords: greenhouse gas soil microbial composition 2-AP water-saving irrigation nitrogen use efficiency

Online: 09 June 2025

Fund:

Funding was provided by the Guangdong Province Low-Carbon Fragrant Rice Cultivation Demonstration Project, China (F23032).

About author: Ligong Peng, E-mail: plg@stu.scau.edu.cn; #Correspondence Xiangru Tang, Tel/Fax: +86-20-85280021, E-mail: tangxr@scau.edu.cn * These authors contributed equally to this study.

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Ligong Peng, Wentao Yi, Yizhu Wu, Yingying Zhang, Xiangbin Yao, Pipeng Xing, Baoling Cui, Xiangru Tang. 2025. Partial organic fertilizer substitution and water-saving irrigation can reduce greenhouse gas emissions in aromatic rice paddy by regulating soil microorganisms while increasing yield and aroma. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.06.012

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