Legume introduction enhances rhizosphere phosphorus availability through organic acid-induced dissolution and microbial transformation: Insights from an 11-year field experiment in grassland

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.003

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Meiqi Guo^{1, 3}, Tongtian Guo^{1, 3}, Chuan Guo^{1, 3}, Jiqiong Zhou², Gaowen Yang^{1, 3#}, Yingjun Zhang^{1, 3#}

¹College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.

²Department of Grassland Science, College of Grassland Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China

³Key Laboratory of Grassland Management and Rational Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China.

Highlights

· Legume increase available P via increasing organic acid and genes for P activation

· P addition reduces microbial P transformation

· N addition accelerates depletion of available P

Abstract
References

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摘要

虽然施用化学肥料能直接恢复退化生态系统的土壤肥力，但通过引入豆科植物实现植被恢复可能是更可持续的管理策略。然而，豆科植物引入如何影响土壤磷（P）转化机制，以及这些过程如何响应施肥，目前仍知之甚少。通过阐明这些机制，本研究旨在为草地可持续磷管理策略提供科学依据，最终促进生态系统生产力和韧性的提升。通过对一项11年田间试验的单次采样，我们研究了豆科植物（Medicago falcata L.）的引入如何影响根际土壤磷组分，包括单独引入以及与氮肥（N；5 g m^-² yr^-¹）和磷肥（3.2 g m^-² yr^-¹）联合施用的情况。研究发现，豆科引入通过提高有机酸浓度和微生物磷需求量（用微生物生物量氮磷比值来表征）促进了根际土壤磷的活化。这导致土壤库发生了显著变化：易溶性无机磷增加97.4%，中等易溶性无机磷减少22.9%，中等易溶性有机磷减少9.6%，难溶性磷减少3.7%。相比之下，氮肥施用虽通过降低土壤pH值和增强无机磷溶解相关基因丰度，促进了中等易溶性无机磷的溶解及难溶性磷的溶解，但也导致易溶性磷库减少10.6%。磷肥施用增加了易溶性无机磷、中等易溶性无机磷和难溶性磷的含量，但抑制了微生物磷转化过程。值得注意的是，豆科植物的引入既减轻了氮肥施用对生物可利用磷的负面影响，又缓解了磷肥施用对微生物磷矿化基因的抑制作用。通过定量揭示施肥和豆科引入背景下各磷组分的转化格局，本研究表明，在天然草地中引入豆科植物可通过优先维持和激活天然草原的微生物功能来促进磷循环，减少对化肥的依赖，促进生态系统可持续发展，为草原管理和退化草原修复提供新的科学见解和实践方向。

Abstract

While chemical fertilization offers a direct solution to restore soil fertility in degraded ecosystem, revegetation through legume introduction represents a more sustainable management strategy. However, the mechanisms by which legume introduction influence soil phosphorus (P) transformation, and how these processes respond to nutrient fertilization, remain poorly understood. Using one-time sampling from an 11-year field experiment, we investigated how the introduction of a legume (Medicago falcata L.) influenced rhizosphere soil P fractions, both alone and in combination with nitrogen (N; 5 g m^-² yr^-¹) and P (3.2 g m^-² yr^-¹) fertilization. Our findings reveal that legume introduction stimulated the mobilization of soil P by increasing organic acid concentrations and microbial P demand, as indicated by the microbial biomass N:P ratio. This resulted in significant changes in P pools, marked by a 97.4% increase in labile inorganic P, a 22.9% decrease in moderately labile inorganic P, a 9.6% decrease in moderately labile organic P, and a 3.7% decrease in non-labile P pool. In contrast, while N fertilization promoted the solubilization of moderately labile inorganic P and the dissolution of the non-labile P pool by lowering soil pH and enhancing the abundance of genes for inorganic P solubilization, it ultimately led to a 10.6% depletion of the labile P pool. Phosphorus fertilization increased labile inorganic P, moderately labile inorganic P, and non-labile P, yet it inhibited microbial P transformation processes. Importantly, legume introduction mitigated the negative impacts of N fertilization on bioavailable P and the negative effects of P fertilization on microbial P mineralization genes. These findings suggest that legume introduction is a sustainable practice to stimulate P cycling in natural grassland, highlighting the importance of activating microbial functions in grassland management and restoration.

Keywords: grassland legume introduction nitrogen fertilization phosphorus fertilization phosphorus fractions

Online: 08 December 2025

Fund:

The study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271771 and32192462), and the earmarked fund for CARS (CARS-34).

About author: Meiqi Guo, E-mail: b20213241026@cau.edu.cn; Correspondence Yingjun Zhang E-mail: zhangyj@cau.edu.cn; Gaowen Yang, E-mail: yanggw@cau.edu.cn

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Meiqi Guo, Tongtian Guo, Chuan Guo, Jiqiong Zhou, Gaowen Yang, Yingjun Zhang. 2025. Legume introduction enhances rhizosphere phosphorus availability through organic acid-induced dissolution and microbial transformation: Insights from an 11-year field experiment in grassland. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.003

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