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Effects of Combined Application of Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Urea on the Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics in Machine- Transplanted Hybrid Rice LÜ TengFei,SHEN Jie,MA Peng,DAI Zou,YANG ZhiYuan,XU Hui,ZHENG ChuanGang,MA Jun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (7): 1410-1423.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.008 Abstract （262）   HTML （23）    PDF （627KB）（277）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate using the big panicle advantage of indica hybrid rice to obtain a high-yield under the potted machine-transplanted and combined application of slow release nitrogen (N) fertilizer and urea, and to explore N utilization characteristics of the potted-seedling machine-transplanted hybrid indica rice in the Southwest rice region, so as to provide the theoretical and practical basis for the technology of saving-fertilizer and high-yield of machine-transplanted hybrid rice seedling in China. 【Method】 A 2-year split-plot experiment (2016-2017) was conducted in Meishan, Sichuan province, China. In the experiment, two machine-transplanted methods was set, including potted-seedling (M1) and blanket-seedling (M2), and four N treatments were set, including 150 kg·hm-2 slow release N fertilizer (SRNF) as a base (N1), 105 kg·hm-2SRNF + 45 kg·hm-2 urea as a base (N2, SBUB), 105 kg·hm-2 SRNF as a base + 45 kg·hm-2 urea at the panicle initiation stage (N3, SBUP), and another treatment without N fertilizer as a control (N0). F-you 498 was the experimental variety, and the blanket-seedling machine-transplanted method and 100% slow-release N fertilizer as base were the reference. The N utilization characteristics of hybrid indica rice under the potted-seedling machine-transplanted and slow and rapid N fertilizer combined application were studied.【Result】Compared with the blanket-seedling rice, the potted-seedling significantly accelerated the N absorption rate by 0.49-1.33 kg·hm-2·d-1 from elongation stage to heading stage; The potted-seedling improved N transportation and N transportation efficiency of stems and leaves, and the contribution rate of N transportation from heading to maturity; The potted-seedling increased the N accumulation at heading and maturity by 12.63% and 5.20%, respectively; The potted-seedling increased N use efficiency for biomass production and grain yield, and N harvest index by 8.19-11.39, 0.66-5.72 and 5.41-6.42 percentage points, respectively; The potted-seedling improved N agronomic efficiency, N physiological efficiency, and partial factor productivity by 12.62%, 11.94% and 8.69%, respectively; The potted-seedling improved the effective panicles and spikelets per panicle, and improved the yield on 1 042.4 kg·hm-2 and 722.3 kg·hm-2, and increased by 10.3% and 7.2%, in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Under the potted-seedling, compared with 100% SRNF as base, SBUB decreased the N accumulation at heading stage and maturity stage, accelerated the N absorption rate and N accumulation from sowing stage to elongation stage, but decreased them from elongation to heading; N recovery efficiency, N physiological efficiency, the spikelets per panicle and spikelets per unit area under SBUB were significantly decreased, then the mean yield of 2 years decreased by 3.66%. Conversely, compared with 100% SRNF as base, SBUP increased the N accumulation at heading and maturity by 2.34% and 1.80%, respectively; SBUP improved the N absorption rate by 0.60 kg·hm-2·d-1 and N accumulation by 18.01 kg·hm-2 from elongation to heading; N recovery efficiency under SBUP were improved by 2.84 percentage points, and N agronomic efficiency, N physiological efficiency, and partial factor productivity by 12.54%, 7.91% and 52.55%, respectively; SBUP improved the spikelets per panicle and spikelets per unit area, then the yield improved by 4.61%.【Conclusion】Compared with the blanket-seedling, the potted-seedling had obvious advantages on N utilization efficiency, and SBUP could further enhance its N absorption and transfer capacity, then improved indica hybrid rice yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Simplified Nitrogen Managements on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Rice in South China PENG BiLin,LI MeiJuan,HU XiangYu,ZHONG XuHua,TANG XiangRu,LIU YanZhuo,LIANG KaiMing,PAN JunFeng,HUANG NongRong,FU YouQiang,HU Rui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (7): 1424-1438.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.009 Abstract （275）   HTML （24）    PDF （646KB）（289）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Simplified nitrogen managements (SNMs) are labor saving methods and could make more profits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. In view of labor shortage, high labor cost and low fertilizer utilization in rice cultivation of China, the aim of this study was to explore a simplified and efficient application of nitrogen featured by “one basal-dressing and one top-dressing”, so that the amount and frequency of nitrogen application could be reduced, and the profit of rice planting could be improved. 【Method】In order to study the effects of SNMs on the grain yield, dry matter production, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain quality of double-cropping rice in South China, the field experiment was conducted by a conventional indica rice variety of Wu-Shan-Si-Miao, which was designed by a completely randomized block with four replicates. In 2018, 6 treatments were established, i.e. no nitrogen (N0), three-control fertilization (TC), TC with nitrogen reduction (RTC), and 3 simplified nitrogen managements (SNM1, SNM2, and SNM3). In 2019, 6 treatments were also established, i.e. no nitrogen (N0), three-control fertilization (TC), famers’ fertilizer practice (FP), and 3 simplified nitrogen managements (SNM2, SNM4, and SNM5). 【Result】 In the later growing season of 2018, the grain yield of SNM2 was not significantly different from that of TC, but the yields of both treatments were significantly higher than those of RTC, SNM1, and SNM3. In 2019, the grain yields of SNM2, SNM4 and SNM5 were also not significantly different from that of TC. However, compared with FP, the yields of those treatments were increased by 7.36%-7.51%, which was mainly due to the spikelet number per panicle was improved in 2019. And the panicle numbers, spikelet number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight of SNM2 were not significantly different from TC (except for 1000-grain weight in 2019) for both seasons. In 2018, the nitrogen recovery rate (RE), agronomy use efficiency (AE), physiological use efficiency (PE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of SNM2 were all not significantly differed from that of TC, while the partial factor production (PFPN) of SNM2 was significantly higher than that of TC, and the RE, AE, and PFPN of the SNM1 and SNM3 were obviously lower than that of SNM2. In 2019, the 5 nitrogen utilization indexes (RE, AE, PE, NHI and PFPN) of the 3 SNMs were not significantly different with those of TC, but the RE, AE and PFPN of those treatments were all significantly higher than that of FP. The number of spikelets per unit area, biomass, and nitrogen uptake of the SNMs were all higher than those of FP. In addition, the chalky rice rate of SNM2 was significantly lower than that of TC, but other grain quality of SNMs was not significantly different from that of FP and TC in 2018. 【Conclusion】 The grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of SNM2, which had 10% less nitrogen application and with only basal application and one topdressing in nitrogen management, was similar with TC. However, SNM2 had significantly higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency than FP. Additionally, the appearance quality of SNM2 was significantly improved, while the milling quality, cooking and eating quality were not significantly changed. Thus, it could be widely adopted in rice production in South China for its simplified cultivation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of High-Temperature at Filling Stage on Grain Storage Protein Accumulation and Its Biosynthesis Metabolism for Rice Plants Under Different Nitrogen Application Levels HAN ZhanYu,WU ChunYan,XU YanQiu,HUANG FuDeng,XIONG YiQin,GUAN XianYue,ZHOU LuJian,PAN Gang,CHENG FangMin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (7): 1439-1454.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.010 Abstract （420）   HTML （32）    PDF （1340KB）（250）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the interaction effect of high temperature at filling stage and nitrogen fertilizer levels on grain storage protein accumulation and its underlying metabolic mechanism, by investigating the relationship of grain storage protein biosynthesis and its accumulation with the activity of key enzymes involving in nitrogen mobilization and transcriptional expression of various genes that encoded prolamin and pre-glutelin biosynthesis during developing grains.【Method】A two-factor pot experiment, including the combination of two nitrogen fertilizer levels with two temperature regimes, was conducted by using two japonica rice cultivars, namely XS134 and XS 09. The nitrogen fertilizer treatments were conducted at the young panicle differentiation stage of rice plants, with the urea supply of 0.5 g/pot and 2.0 g/pot being considered as low nitrogen (LN) and high nitrogen (HN), respectively. After heading, these rice plants in pots with the same nitrogen fertilizer level (LN or HN) were classified into two groups and then imposed to different temperature regimes in phytotrons, with the daily mean temperature being controlled at 30℃ (34℃/26℃) and 23℃ (26℃/20℃) for high temperature (HT) and normal temperature (NT) as control, respectively. The rice grains under four treatments (LN-NT, LN-HT, HN-NT, and HN-HT) were sampled to examine the impact of high temperature on grain storage protein accumulation and its relation to grain N metabolism under different N levels. 【Result】Both nitrogen fertilizer application at young panicle differentiation stage and HT exposure at filling stage evidently enhanced the relative content of storage protein content in rice grains on dry matter basis. However, HT exposure at filling stage decreased the accumulation amount of grain storage protein on per grain basis, with the dramatically dropping extent for 13-kD prolamin among different protein components. In contrast to NT, HT exposure resulted in a relatively higher ratio of glutelin to prolamin. HT-induced decline in amount of 13-kD prolamin was mainly attributable to the remarkably down-regulating transcripts of prolamin family genes (Pro13, Pro14, and Pro17) under HT exposure. However, the dropping extent of grain prolamin content under HT growth appeared to be smaller for HN relative to LN. Comparatively, HN supply significantly enhanced the amounts of total storage protein, glutelin, and prolamin in rice grains, but it had little impact on the ratio of glutelin to prolamin in rice grains, with the nearly equivalent extent of HN-induced increases in both 37-kD α-glutelin and 22-kD β-glutelin and the relatively stable ratio of 37-kD to 22-kD in glutelin components among different N levels. Furthermore, HN notably enhanced the activities of GS, GOT, GPT in rice grains at the middle-late stages of grain filling, but HN-NT had significantly lower activities of GS, GOT, GPT than HN-NT, implying that HT had an inhibitory impact on HN-induced enhancements in N transferring metabolism in rice grains. Under different N levels, HT resulted in the lowering HMR (heading milled rate) and increasing chalky rate. In contrast, HN-HT had relatively heavier grain weight, higher seed-setting rate, higher HMR and lower chalky grain rate than LN-HT, indicating that N deficiency exacerbated the negative impact of HT on some rice yield and grain quality traits, including grain weight, seed-setting rate, HMR, chalky grain rate, etc.【Conclusion】Nitrogen fertilizer application at young panicle differentiation stage play a regulatory role in the effect of HT exposure at filling stage on storage protein biosynthesis and its accumulation in rice grains. Heavy N application evidently accelerated the glutelin and prolamin biosynthesis in filling grains and significantly enhance the total accumulation amount of grain storage protein both on dry matter basis and on per grain basis, but it contribute to the alleviation for HT-induced decline in 13-kD prolamin biosynthesis and its accumulation amount in rice grains. This occurrence was beneficial to the maintenance of the relatively stable ratio of glutelin to prolamin in HT-ripening grains . Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Ammonium Uptake and Growth Differences of Rice Varieties with Different Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency at Seedling Stage HUANG Xiu,YE Chang,YAN JinXiang,LI FuMing,CHU Guang,XU ChunMei,CHEN Song,ZHANG XiuFu,WANG DanYing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (7): 1455-1468.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.011 Abstract （328）   HTML （43）    PDF （589KB）（285）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to determine the response of different N recovery efficiency (NRE) varieties to external NH4 +concentration, and to explain the mechanism of N uptake difference among rice varieties.【Method】A high-NRE (QL) and a low-NRE (HK) rice variety were cultivated hydroponically at different NH4 +concentrations, and the varietal difference of NH4 + absorption at seedling stage were compared by analysis of the root NH4 + absorption rate at the low NH4 + concentration of 0-0.80 mmol·L -1 and the high NH4 + concentration of 1.00-12.96 mmol·L -1, and by calculating the NH4 + absorption kinetics parameter Vmax and Km; The difference of seedling growth between varieties were analyzed by comparing the plant height, tiller number, chlorophyll content, dry matter and N accumulation of aboveground and underground part of rice seedlings growing in different NH4 +concentrations, root morphology including total root length, root volume, root surface area, average root diameter, and root tip number were analyzed using the root scanning instrument; The root net fluxes of NH4 + were measured non-invasively using SIET (scanning ion-selective electrode technique), root respiration was measured using a Hansatech oxygen electrode and an oxygraph control system.【Result】(1) In the low NH4 + concentration range of 0-0.8 mmol·L -1, the uptake of NH4 + by QL and HK seedlings stage were in accordance with Michaelich-Menten equation, and the Vmax of high-NRE variety QL was 1.66 times higher than that of low-NRE variety HK. In the NH4 + concentration higher than 1 mmol·L -1, the uptake of NH4 + by rice seedlings kept increasing with the increase of NH4 +concentration, and the uptake rate of NH4 + by QL was greater than that of HK at the same NH4 +level. (2) The root meristematic zone of both varieties showed a net NH4 +influx, while it increased with the increase of NH4 + concentration, and the high-NRE variety QL had greater value than low-NRE variety HK by 42.0%, 71.8% and 63.6% at LN, MN and HN, respectively; The net NH4 +efflux in the root elongation zone was showed at LN and HN in the low-NRE variety HK, while it was only showed at HN in the high-NRE variety QL, and 34.30% lower than variety HK. (3) Although an appropriate increase of NH4 + could increase the plant height, tiller number, leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter and N accumulations, while HN inhibited plant growth, especially root growth. The growth of high-NRE variety QL did not show an advantage compared with low-NRE variety HK in the treatment of LN and MN, however, QL had greater tillering rate and dry matter accumulation rate by 65.7% and 31.4% compared with HK during 10-20 days after seeding in HN, respectively. Although the N concentration of root of variety QL was 15.1% lower than that of variety HK, it’s aboveground N accumulation was 23.5% greater, which indicated that QL was more efficient than HK in transporting the N absorbed by roots to the aboveground. 【Conclusion】 It was concluded that compared with the low-NRE variety, the high-NRE variety had more NH4 + transport carriers on the cell membrane of the root system, and the NH4 + absorbed by the root system had a fast assimilation and transport speed, as well as a high tiller rate and dry matter accumulation rate in the seedling stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Machine- Transplanted Indica Hybrid Rice with Different Daily Yield Types DENG Fei,HE LianHua,CHEN Duo,TIAN QingLan,LI QiuPing,ZENG YuLing,LI Bo,CHEN Hong,WANG Li,REN WanJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (7): 1469-1481.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.012 Abstract （226）   HTML （17）    PDF （1229KB）（190）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of nitrogen (N) absorption and utilization of machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice with different daily yield types, so as to provide a theory and practical basis for the high-yield cultivation and breeding of machine-transplanted medium-indica hybrid rice. 【Method】 The 20 medium-indica hybrid rice varieties bred in Southwest China were clustered into three types (high daily yield, medium daily yield, and low daily yield) based on their daily yields, and then the differences in N accumulation, distribution, redistribution, and utilization characteristics between different daily yield types, as well as their relationships with daily yield were studied. 【Result】(1) There were markedly differences in N accumulation characteristics of different daily yield types. Compared with medium and low daily yield types, N accumulation percentage before the jointing stage was decreased, meanwhile, the N concentration of organs and shoot at the jointing and heading stages, and the N concentration of panicle and shoot at the maturity stage, as well as the N accumulation from the jointing to heading in 2017 and N accumulation rate after the heading in 2018 were increased by high daily yield type, which contributed to the 3.70%-5.97% and 16.57%-18.63% improvement in total N accumulation of shoot, respectively. (2) High daily yield type increased the N distribution percentage of stem plus sheath and panicle at the heading stage and maturity stage, respectively, but reduced that of leaf lamina at the maturity stage. High daily yield type also increased the N redistribution amount of vegetative organs (especially the stem plus sheath). (3) The N use efficiency for biomass production was improved by low daily yield types; however, both N harvest index and partial factor productivity of applied N were increased by high daily yield types. (4) The correlation analysis indicated that the N concentration of shoot at each growth stages, N accumulation amount and rate from the jointing to heading, as well as the N distribution of stem plus sheath at the heading stage and partial factor productivity of applied N were significantly increased with daily yield, while the N accumulation percentage before the jointing stage, N distribution percentage of leaf lamina at the maturity stage, and the N use efficiency for biomass production were decreased with daily yield. 【Conclusion】On the whole, the higher N accumulation amount and rate from jointing to heading, and N distribution percentage of stem plus sheath at the heading stage, as well as greater N distribution percentage of stem plus sheath and panicle respectively at the heading and maturity stage could be selected as the N absorption and utilization characteristics of rice varieties with higher daily yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Regimes on the Yield, Nitrogen Utilization of Rice and Nitrogen Transformation in Paddy Soil CAO XiaoChuang,WU LongLong,ZHU ChunQuan,ZHU LianFeng,KONG YaLi,LU RuoHui,KONG HaiMin,HU ZhaoPing,DAI Feng,ZHANG JunHua,JIN QianYu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (7): 1482-1498.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.013 Abstract （417）   HTML （31）    PDF （1841KB）（438）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 In order to provide a theoretical basis for rational management of irrigation and nitrogen (N), the effects of the different water and nitrogen application models on the nitrogen absorption and translocation, and nitrogen use efficiency of indica hybrid rice, nitrogen transformation characteristic in paddy soil and their relationships with rice yield were studied. 【Method】 Using the indica hybrid rice Zhongzheyou 1 as experimental material, a two-factor experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019, including two irrigation regimes (flood irrigation, FI; alternate wet and dry irrigation, AWD) and five nitrogen application types (zero nitrogen, N0; traditional nitrogen level, PUN100; 80% of traditional nitrogen level, PUN80; 80% of control-released nitrogen fertilizer plus biochar, CRFN80-BC; 80% of stable compound nitrogen fertilizer plus biochar, SFN80-BC). The grain yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice, and nitrogen transformation characteristic in paddy soil were measured.【Result】(1) AWD significantly increased the rice yield in relative to that under FI conditions, and rice yields under CRFN80-BC and SFN80-BC treatments were significantly higher than that under PUN80 and even PUN100 treatments (P<0.05). Their values were 9 721 kg·hm-2 and 10 056 kg·hm-2 in 2018, and 9 492 kg·hm-2 and 9 907 kg·hm-2 in 2019, respectively, which was closely related to the increased rice spikelet or tillering number under the AWD condition. (2) Compared with N0, PUN100 and PUN80 treatments, AWD significantly improved the nitrogen accumulation of leaf and stem-sheath before the heading stage, nitrogen translocation and the contribution of nitrogen translocation to panicle from the heading to maturity stage under CRFN80-BC and SFN80-BC treatments. It also significantly increased the contents of the dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and NO3- in 0-30 cm soil depths at the maturity stage, but greatly suppressed the concentrations of DTN, NH4+ and NO3- in soil leachate. (3) Rice grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with the nitrogen accumulation of nutritional organs (e.g. leaf and stem-sheath), nitrogen translocation and their nitrogen contribution to panicle, and nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen availability at the maturity stage. It indicated that the suitable water and nitrogen management could collaboratively improve the fluency of the nitrogen absorption-translocation in rice and nitrogen availability in paddy soil, which were beneficial for the improvement of rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.【Conclusion】 Given the results of grain yield, nitrogen utilization and nitrogen availability in rice paddy of the two years, it could be concluded that control-released/stable compound fertilizers combined with biochar could significantly increase the construction of high-yield rice population, rice nitrogen absorption and translocation, and nitrogen use efficiency under AWD irrigation condition, and also reduce the nitrogen leaching loss in paddy soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Irrigation Management on Grain Yield and Quality of High-Quality Eating Late-Season Indica Rice in South China XIONG RuoYu,XIE JiaXin,TAN XueMing,YANG TaoTao,PAN XiaoHua,ZENG YongJun,SHI QingHua,ZHANG Jun,CAI Shuo,ZENG YanHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (7): 1512-1524.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.015 Abstract （308）   HTML （26）    PDF （600KB）（275）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to probe the response characteristics of the grain yield and quality of southern high-quality eating late indica rice to irrigation management.【Method】 Field experiments irrigation were conducted at Shanggao Experimental Base of Jiangxi Agricultural University in 2018 and 2019. The different irrigation management of the field treatments was conducted as follows: conventional irrigation (CK), constant flooding irrigation (CFI) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The two indica rice cultivars, including Taiyou 871 for good-quality eating rice and Rongyouhuazhan for common eating quality rice, were used to analyze and determine water use efficiency, grain yield and rice quality. 【Result】 Different irrigation managements had a significant effects on the grain yield components quality of the two indica rice cultivars, and the trend was consistent over the two years, but there were differences among the cultivars. Compared with CK and CFI, the total water use efficiency under AWD in two years was increased by 18.2%-62.5% and 41.2%-91.7%, respectively. Compared with CK, AWD and CFI showed a trend to increase grain yield of the two cultivars, but the grain yield had no significant change in the high-quality eating indica rice cultivars. Only in 2018, the yield of the common indica rice cultivars increased significantly under AWD treatment, mainly because the number of grains per ear increased significantly. AWD was beneficial to the rice processing quality. Compared with CK and AWD, CFI significantly reduced the chalky rate and chalkiness, which was beneficial to the improvement of the rice appearance quality. There were annual differences in the amylose content of the different eating quality cultivars under different irrigation managements. In 2019, compared with CFI, AWD significantly increased the amylose content of the two cultivars, at the same time, AWD also significantly increased gel consistency, peak viscosity and breakdown, decreased setback, and improved the palatability of the two cultivars in two years. Compared with CK, CFI significantly increased protein content of the two cultivars. However, the effects of irrigation management on amylose, nutritional quality and RVA characteristics of high-quality eating indica rice cultivars were higher than those of common eating quality indica rice cultivars. 【Conclusion】 Alternate wetting and drying improved water use efficiency of two cultivars, which was beneficial to increase high-quality eating late-season indica rice yield and improve processing quality, but was not conducive to the improvement of appearance quality. At the same time, alternate wetting and drying could reduce setback and protein content, increase gel consistency, peak viscosity, trough viscosity and breakdown to improve the palatability of cooked rice, but constant flooding irrigation was beneficial to improving the appearance quality of rice. Alternate wetting and drying could be used as a high-quality and high-efficiency water-saving irrigation model for high-quality eating late-season indica rice in South China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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