绿肥部分替代化肥对玉米干物质积累与产量形成的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.13.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Replacing some chemical nitrogen fertilizers with leguminous green manure is an important technical measure to achieve reduced fertilizer application. The effects of hairy vetch which was planted to replace winter wheat and nitrogen reduction on the accumulation and transportation of dry matter accumulation, yield formation, and post flowering leaf senescence characteristics of maize in North China were studied, so as to provide a scientific basis for leguminous winter green manure substitution for chemical nitrogen fertilizer and optimized management of nitrogen resources in maize. 【Method】 The two-factor split plot field experiment was carried out from 2020 to 2022 at Shenzhou Experimental Station of Dryland Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. The two modes, including the winter fallow field (FF) and hairy vetch being planted in the winter fallow field and total returning (HV), were set as main treatment, and the five nitrogen application rates of maize were set as sub-treatment, including no nitrogen application (0 N), 67.5 kg·hm^-2(25% N), 135.0 kg·hm^-2(50% N), 202.5 kg·hm^-2(75% N), and 270.0 kg·hm^-2(100% N, the conventional nitrogen application level). Yield and yield components, ear agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and transport, leaf senescence characteristics of maize, and changes in soil nutrients and enzyme activity were investigated, moreover, the nitrogen surplus in farmland were analyzed.【Result】 Returning hairy vetch to the field significantly increased maize yield and could compensate for the reduction in maize yield caused by chemical nitrogen reduction. From 2021 to 2022, the return of hairy vetch dramatically raised maize yield (8.15%-9.21%), which could compensate for the grain yield loss caused by 25%-50% reduction in nitrogen fertilization. Continuous return of hairy vetch significantly reduced the bare top length, dramatically increased the ear length, the ear diameter, and yield components, such as row number, kernels number per row, and hundred-grain weight. After returning hairy vetch to the field, the dry matter accumulation before and after flowering, the dry matter accumulation rate after flowering, and the contribution rate of dry matter after flowering to grains significantly increased by 10.21-12.32 g/plant, 39.94-72.37 g/plant, 4.67%-4.78%, and 3.31%-3.99%, respectively, which could compensate for the negative effect of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application by 25%-50% on the dry matter accumulation before flowering and the contribution rate of dry matter after flowering to grains of maize. The incorporation of hairy vetch prominently postponed the post-anthesis leaf senescence of maize. In 2021 and 2022, the green leaf area of maize treated with HV was 303.44-1 115.10 and 266.23-837.62 cm²/plant higher than that under FF, respectively. The relative green leaf area after flowering increased by 1.12% -13.84% and 0.56% -9.13%, respectively. V_max decreased by 0.30% and 0.05%, respectively. T_max was delayed by 6.01 days and 3.56 days, respectively. The organic matter content, total nitrogen content, alkaline nitrogen content, as well as the activities of urease, sucrase, amylase, and protease in the soil significantly increased after continuous returning of hairy vetch to the field. In 2021 and 2022, the nitrogen rates under HV could increase by 40.92 and 72.79 kg·hm^-2, respectively; the optimal chemical nitrogen applications under HV could be reduced by 40.96 and 48.90 kg·hm^-2, respectively; the nitrogen surplus under HV could be decreased by 7.94 and 0.14 kg·hm^-2, respectively; HV could replace a maximum nitrogen application rate of 15.71% and 19.71%, respectively, which could replace conventional nitrogen application rates of 15.71% and 26.23%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The incorporation of hairy vetch could activate soil enzyme activity, effectively enhance soil nitrogen nutrient supply capacity, delay post popcorn leaf senescence, increase the contribution rate of post flowering dry matter accumulation to grains, and improve ear traits and coordinate yield composition, which all were beneficial for increasing and stabilizing maize yield after nitrogen reduction. The input of soil nitrogen by hairy vetch was the basis for its partial replacement of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and compensation for the yield loss caused by chemical nitrogen reduction. The use of hairy vetch instead of partial chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the seasonal fallow areas of winter wheat in North China was a sustainable nitrogen reduction measure.

Key words: hairy vetch, reduced nitrogen application, maize, yield, day matter accumulation, soil nitrogen supply capacity

QIN WenLi, ZHI JianFei, XIE Nan, ZHANG LiFeng, LIU ZhongKuan, LIU ZhenYu, FENG Wei, PAN Xuan, DAI YunXia. Effects of Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers with Green Manure on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield Formation of Maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(13): 2549-2567.

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Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Effects of hair vetch and nitrogen reduction on grain yield, yield components and ear agronomic traits of maize"

年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	氮肥用量 N rate（%）	秃尖长 Bare top length (cm)	穗长 Ear length (cm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (cm)	穗行数 Row number per ear	行粒数 Kernels per row	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2021	HV	0	1.33±0.01ab	16.77±0.32bcd	4.86±0.02bc	14.82±0.35abc	32.09±0.65d	33.44±0.98cd	5785.18±123.70cd
		25	1.28±0.02abc	16.82±0.33bcd	4.88±0.05abc	14.91±0.06ab	34.21±0.48abc	34.00±0.81bc	6148.89±116.10b
		50	1.27±0.04bc	16.92±0.48abc	4.89±0.02abc	14.92±0.28ab	35.14±0.62ab	35.25±0.82ab	6324.92±45.47ab
		75	1.22±0.06c	17.22±0.50ab	4.94±0.02a	14.97±0.12ab	35.26±0.78ab	35.67±0.58a	6459.31±45.93a
		100	1.21±0.07c	17.46±0.05a	4.93±0.03ab	15.02±0.19a	35.67±1.05a	35.55±0.32a	6440.21±63.74a
	FF	0	1.38±0.06a	15.88±0.28e	4.83±0.03c	13.28±0.06d	30.40±1.15e	32.42±0.13d	5258.34±93.96e
		25	1.35±0.02ab	16.03±0.25e	4.87±0.09abc	13.37±0.08d	32.96±1.06cd	33.27±0.44cd	5639.97±30.77d
		50	1.33±0.07ab	16.29±0.27de	4.87±0.05abc	13.57±0.06d	33.11±1.43cd	34.01±0.29bc	5793.48±157.63cd
		75	1.31±0.03ab	16.61±0.19cd	4.89±0.02abc	14.55±0.09c	33.94±1.04bc	34.52±0.95abc	5924.06±193.97c
		100	1.27±0.03bc	16.73±0.06bcd	4.90±0.10abc	14.68±0.08bc	34.40±0.88abc	34.59±1.09abc	6193.47±132.03b
ANOVA
CP			**	**	ns	**	**	*	**
N			**	**	*	*	**	**	**
CP×N			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	**	ns
2022	HV	0	1.84±0.04bc	16.81±0.22de	4.88±0.08c	15.33±0.14c	34.38±1.02cd	33.60±0.05c	7739.82±247.12e
		25	1.56±0.12cd	16.93±0.20cde	5.03±0.00ab	15.42±0.04bc	36.15±0.85ab	34.62±0.40ab	9429.09±65.12b
		50	1.53±0.14cd	17.21±0.32bcd	5.04±0.03ab	15.47±0.12abc	36.59±0.35a	34.90±0.22a	9989.90±226.21a
		75	1.34±0.17d	17.41±0.14abc	5.05±0.03a	15.51±0.16abc	36.85±0.76a	34.89±0.27a	10090.84±103.68a
		100	1.49±0.15cd	17.81±0.27a	5.04±0.09ab	15.73±0.18a	36.64±0.53a	34.62±0.36ab	10057.07±80.53a
	FF	0	2.26±0.17a	15.78±0.47f	4.50±0.09ed	15.31±0.14c	29.01±0.80e	33.03±0.38d	6606.35±367.61f
		25	1.98±0.30ab	16.60±0.12e	4.73±0.09d	15.40±0.27c	33.35±1.28d	34.16±0.44b	8349.78±198.51d
		50	1.80±0.29bc	16.78±0.43de	4.91±0.10bc	15.42±0.13bc	35.00±0.75bc	34.25±0.14b	8985.62±207.15c
		75	1.80±0.13bc	17.26±0.34bcd	5.02±0.04ab	15.49±0.10abc	35.02±0.86bc	34.38±0.38ab	9605.43±229.68b
		100	1.77±0.18bc	17.61±0.14ab	5.04±0.01ab	15.71±0.14ab	35.13±0.35bc	34.43±0.14ab	9771.69±104.89b
ANOVA
CP			**	**	**	*	**	*	**
N			**	**	**	**	**	**	**
CP×N			ns	ns	ns	**	**	ns	ns

Table 2

Table 3

Effects of hair vetch and nitrogen reduction on accumulation and transport of maize dry matter"

年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	氮肥用量 N rate （%）	花前干物质积累量 DMABF (g/plant)	花后干物质积累量 DMAAF (g/plant)	花前干物质积累率DMARBF (%)	花后干物质积累率DMARAF (%)	干物质转运量DMT (g/plant)	干物质转运率 DMTR rate (%)	花前干物质积累贡献率 CRDMABF (%)	花后干物质积累贡献率CRDMAAF (%)
2021	HV	0	140.62±2.18ef	150.10±3.31d	48.37±0.31d	51.63±0.31c	31.54±2.39ab	29.41±2.19bc	19.42±1.47ab	80.58±1.47cd
		25	146.40±3.25d	165.75±2.91c	46.90±0.75e	53.10±0.75b	34.67±1.77a	28.39±1.22c	18.86±1.20b	81.14±1.20c
		50	153.89±2.89abc	176.01±4.59b	46.65±0.74ef	53.35±0.74ab	33.75±1.20a	26.30±0.75d	17.10±0.52c	82.90±0.52b
		75	158.70±4.48a	183.31±5.98ab	46.40±0.52ef	53.60±0.52ab	33.10±1.37ab	25.34±1.07de	16.30±0.89cd	83.70±0.89ab
		100	158.84±5.05a	187.30±4.82a	45.89±0.22f	54.11±0.22a	30.54±1.40b	22.97±0.85e	15.24±0.43d	84.76±0.43a
	FF	0	128.25±1.73g	126.15±6.67d	50.43±1.16c	49.57±1.16d	32.70±2.30ab	34.65±2.06a	22.25±1.70a	77.75±1.70d
		25	136.49±2.72f	133.03±2.06d	50.64±0.74bc	49.36±0.74d	35.14±2.29a	33.50±1.73ab	21.89±0.94a	78.11±0.94d
		50	143.64±3.65de	137.27±9.35d	51.17±1.95abc	48.83±1.95d	34.60±1.43a	31.79±0.43b	21.01±0.48a	78.99±0.48d
		75	148.30±3.76cd	132.91±14.64d	52.82±2.90a	47.18±2.90d	33.08±1.91ab	29.29±1.61c	19.78±1.04ab	80.22±1.04cd
		100	150.74±2.11bcd	133.42±2.09d	53.05±0.51a	46.95±0.51e	31.91±1.18ab	26.94±0.59d	18.51±0.67b	81.49±0.67c
ANOVA
CP			**	**	**	**	ns	**	**	**
N			**	**	ns	ns	*	**	**	**
CP×N			ns	**	*	*	ns	ns	ns	ns
2022	HV	0	168.73±2.61e	276.49±5.18c	37.90±0.53b	62.10±0.53a	28.85±0.98c	21.89±0.89bc	15.12±0.59b	84.88±0.59c
		25	178.19±2.00c	303.44±9.63b	37.01±0.92b	62.99±0.92a	30.82±0.47ab	20.77±0.43cd	14.68±0.36bc	85.32±0.36c
		50	184.13±1.91b	324.51±6.58a	36.20±0.52b	63.80±0.52a	29.92±0.79bc	19.08±0.20e	13.21±0.26d	86.79±0.26b
		75	189.19±4.14ab	321.99±8.72a	37.02±1.13b	62.98±1.13a	27.69±1.05cd	16.41±0.38f	12.12±0.51e	87.88±0.51a
		100	191.11±3.01a	317.94±6.39a	37.54±±0.53b	62.46±0.53a	26.66±0.96d	15.54±0.31g	12.03±0.41e	87.97±0.41a
	FF	0	156.88±0.93f	225.29±3.64e	41.05±0.65a	58.95±0.65b	28.62±1.90b	24.29±0.86a	19.51±1.98a	80.49±1.98d
		25	166.74±2.71e	236.31±4.89d	41.37±0.86a	58.63±0.86b	31.14±1.50ab	23.35±1.21ab	18.96±1.62a	81.04±1.62d
		50	171.08±2.72de	238.72±9.36d	41.76±1.00a	58.24±1.00b	32.05±1.09a	22.08±0.53bc	18.34±0.99a	81.66±0.99d
		75	176.32±4.90cd	242.16±11.23d	42.15±1.81a	57.85±1.81b	30.00±1.36abc	19.84±1.47de	15.99±1.28b	84.01±1.47c
		100	178.74±3.42c	240.02±9.47d	42.70±1.42a	57.30±1.42b	29.97±2.05abc	19.61±0.86de	14.32±0.86bcd	85.68±0.86bc
ANOVA
CP			**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
N			**	**	ns	ns	**	**	**	**
CP×N			ns	**	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Table 3

Fig 2

Fig 3

Table 4

Leaf senescence change characteristic equation of maize under different treatments"

年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	氮肥用量 N rate（%）	叶片衰老变化特征方程 Leaf senescence change characteristic equation	决定系数 Coefficient of determination（R²）	V_max (%)	T_max (d)
2021	HV	0	y=e^3.229-0.092^x/(1+e^3.2229-0.092^x）×100%	0.964	2.300	35.098
		25	y=e^3.393-0.085^x/(1+e^3.393-0.085^x）×100%	0.958	2.125	39.918
		50	y=e^3.865-0.090^x/(1+e^3.865-0.090^x）×100%	0.967	2.250	42.944
		75	y=e^4.044-0.091^x/(1+e^4.044-0.091^x）×100%	0.960	2.275	44.440
		100	y=e^3.929-0.090^x/(1+e^3.929-0.090^x）×100%	0.965	2.250	43.656
		平均 Average	y=e^3.617-0.088^x/(1+e^3.617-0.088^x）×100%	0.964	2.200	41.102
	FF	0	y=e^3.338-0.112^x/(1+e^3.338-0.112^x）×100%	0.986	2.800	29.804
		25	y=e^3.521-0.107^x/(1+e^3.521-0.107^x）×100%	0.983	2.675	32.907
		50	y=e^3.464-0.097^x/(1+e^3.464-0.097^x）×100%	0.968	2.425	35.711
		75	y=e^3.709-0.098^x/(1+e^3.709-0.098^x）×100%	0.964	2.45	37.847
		100	y=e^3.820-0.097^x/(1+e^3.820-0.097^x）×100%	0.965	2.425	39.381
		平均 Average	y=e^3.509-0.100^x/(1+e^3.509-0.100^x）×100%	0.975	2.500	35.090
2022	HV	0	y=e^4.372-0.113^x/(1+e^4.372-0.113^x）×100%	0.964	2.825	38.690
		25	y=e^4.524-0.110^x/(1+e^4.524-0.110^x）×100%	0.953	2.750	41.127
		50	y=e^4.056-0.105^x/(1+e^4.056-0.105^x）×100%	0.949	2.625	42.914
		75	y=e^4.686-0.106^x/(1+e^4.686-0.106^x）×100%	0.949	2.650	44.208
		100	y=e^4.723-0.107^x/(1+e^4.723-0.107^x）×100%	0.949	2.675	44.140
		平均 Average	y=e^4.535-0.108^x/(1+e^4.535-0.108^x）×100%	0.953	2.700	41.991
	FF	0	y=e^4.208-0.122^x/(1+e^4.208-0.122^x）×100%	0.984	3.050	34.492
		25	y=e^4.237-0.113^x/(1+e^4.237-0.113^x）×100%	0.976	2.825	37.496
		50	y=e^4.212-0.107^x/(1+e^4.212-0.107^x）×100%	0.961	2.675	39.365
		75	y=e^4.335-0.107^x/(1+e^4.335-0.107^x）×100%	0.953	2.675	40.514
		100	y=e^4.295-0.104^x/(1+e^4.295-0.104^x）×100%	0.950	2.600	41.298
		平均 Average	y=e^4.228-0.110^x/(1+e^4.228-0.110^x）×100%	0.968	2.750	38.436

Table 4

Fig 4

Fig 5

Fig 6

Table 5

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种植模式 Cropping pattern	氮肥用量 N rate （%）		2021						2022
种植模式 Cropping pattern	氮肥用量 N rate （%）		地上干物质量 SDB (kg·hm^-2)		氮含量 N content (g·kg^-1)		地上氮素积累量 NNA (kg·hm^-2)		地上干物质量 SDB (kg·hm^-2)	氮含量 N content (g·kg^-1)	地上氮素积累量 NNA (kg·hm^-2)
HV	0		2922.11±50.25a		23.30±0.30a		68.09±1.80a		4360.33±133.24d	24.37±0.64d	106.26±0.52d
	25		2952.37±128.55a		22.95±0.47a		67.76±3.88a		4793.05±103.34c	26.70±0.20c	127.98±3.34c
	50		2922.15±87.33a		23.70±0.45a		69.25±3.37a		5169.38±40.63b	27.87±0.40b	144.08±3.22b
	75		2958.56±165.09a		23.50±0.58a		69.53±4.75a		5331.88±20.84a	28.67±0.15a	152.85±0.43a
	100		2930.98±154.61a		23.35±0.36a		68.44±3.35a		5368.13±89.61a	28.77±0.47a	154.41±2.33a
FF	0		1726.33±24.58a		16.00±0.20a		27.62±0.66a		2244.67±59.65e	14.53±0.35e	32.61±0.39e
	25		1699.33±18.04a		16.27±0.25a		27.64±0.63a		2416.33±30.66d	15.73±0.31d	38.01±0.61d
	50		1704.00±130.15a		16.23±0.15a		27.67±2.28a		2545.33±63.22c	17.03±0.65c	43.38±2.70c
	75		1715.33±93.39a		16.27±0.12a		27.91±1.61a		2918.00±37.47b	18.57±0.42b	54.17±0.69b
	100		1709.67±26.54a		16.20±0.20a		27.69±0.37a		3157.00±146.81a	19.83±0.70a	62.62±3.90a
平均 Average
HV		2937.23±47.95a		23.36±0.11a		68.61±1.07a		5004.55±46.07a		27.27±0.20a	137.12±1.42a
FF		1710.93±50.40b		16.19±0.05b		27.70±0.80b		2656.27±46.44b		17.14±0.18b	46.16±1.56b

年份 Year	主处理 Main treatment	氮素投入量 Nitrogen input		最高产量玉米氮素吸收量 Nitrogen uptake of maize with highest yield			氮素盈余 Input-uptake of nitrogen
年份 Year	主处理 Main treatment	绿肥 Green manure	最佳施氮量 The optimal chemical nitrogen input	籽粒 Grian	秸秆 Straw	地上部 Above ground	氮素盈余 Input-uptake of nitrogen
2021	HV	112.95	229.04	87.51	30.77	118.28	223.71
2021	FF	72.03	270.00	83.40	26.98	110.38	231.65
2022	HV	187.55	199.17	148.94	69.09	218.03	168.69
2022	FF	114.76	248.07	126.78	67.22	194.00	168.83

Effects of Partial Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers with Green Manure on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield Formation of Maize

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