小麦秸秆还田后不同水稻品种对简化穗肥施用的响应及其成因

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.10.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore and analyze the differences in yield, panicle differentiation and degeneration, soil microbial activity, and response of soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen to simplified panicle fertilization among different rice varieties under the condition of wheat straw return (SR). 【Method】 As test materials, two cultivars were selected, including late maturing medium japonica rice Nanjing 9108 (NJ 9108) and indica rice Yangdao 6 (YD6). Rice yield, spikelet differentiation, and degeneration were evaluated under the interactive conditions of SR and simplified panicle fertilization (0﹕0, no panicle fertilization; 2﹕0, full application of spikelet-promoting fertilizer; 1﹕1, equal application of spikelet-promoting and protecting fertilizers; 0﹕2, full application of spikelet-protection fertilizer). The nutritional basis of rice spikelet differentiation and degeneration was analyzed in terms of nutrient release from straw decomposition, alterations in soil microbial communities and enzyme activity, and soil alkaline nitrogen content. 【Result】 (1) After SR, the average yield of NJ 9108 and YD 6 increased by 4.2% and 3.2%, respectively. Under panicle fertilization treatments, the highest yield for NJ9108 and YD6 was achieved under the 2﹕0 and 1﹕1 treatment, respectively. After no wheat straw return treatment (NR), the yield of both varieties was highest under the 1﹕1 treatment. The yield trend of panicle fertilization treatments was consistent within the range of 180-360 kg N·hm^-2. (2) After SR, the initial 0-30 days were a period of rapid decomposition, with the rapid release of carbon and nitrogen from the straw. At 30 days, the average number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in the soil increased by 179.2%, and the average activity of urease, acid phosphatase, and sucrase increased by 88.8%. During the period of 40 to 60 days, the straw's decomposition and carbon-nitrogen release rates diminished, and the number of microorganisms and enzyme activities decreased significantly. Decomposition and carbon-nitrogen release of straw essentially stalled between 60 and 90 days, while the number of microorganisms and enzyme activities decreased gradually. From 10 to 40 days after SR, the soil's alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content decreased by an average of 4.8%, while it increased by an average of 5.2% between 50 and 90 days. (3) After SR, the increase in soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen caused an increase of 1.4% in the average number of spikelets differentiation, a decrease of 12.3% in the average number of spikelets degeneration, but an increase of 4.4% in the average number of surviving spikelets. Rice harvest increased primarily due to an increase in the number of spikelets per panicle (the number of surviving spikelets per panicle). After SR, the 2﹕0 treatment reduced the rate of spikelet degeneration in NJ9108 and YD6 relative to NR by 23.5% and 7.6%, respectively. The number of spikelet differentiation and degeneration of NJ9108 increased by 8.9 and 5.7 spikelets per panicle under the 2﹕0 treatment relative to the 1﹕1 treatment, whereas Yangdao 6 increased by 6.8 and 11.6 spikelets per panicle, respectively. As the increase in the number of spikelets differentiation was greater than the increase in the number of spikelets degeneration, NJ9108 had the highest number of surviving spikelets under the 2﹕0 treatment, while YD6 had the highest number under the 1﹕1 treatment. 【Conclusion】 Wheat straw return increased rice yield, with NJ 9108 achieving the highest yield under the full application of spikelet-promoting fertilizer and Yangdao 6 achieving the highest yield under the equal application of spikelet-promoting and protecting fertilizers. Those factors that contributed to the increase in yield were mainly due to a significant reduction in the rate and number of spikelets degeneration and an increase in the number of spikelets per panicle. The decrease in the rate of spikelets degeneration for NJ 9108 was greater than that for YD6, which was the main reason for the difference in their response to different panicle fertilization treatments in terms of the number of surviving spikelets.

Key words: wheat straw return, panicle fertilizer, rice, spikelets differentiation and degeneration, yield, soil microbial activity

SHU XiaoWei, WANG ShuShen, FU Tong, WANG ZiHan, DING ZhouYu, YANG Ying, ZHAO ShiRu, ZHOU Juan, HUANG JianYe, YAO YouLi, WANG YuLong, DONG GuiChun. Response Difference and Its Cause Reasons for Simplified Panicle Fertilization in Different Rice Varieties After Wheat Straw Return[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(10): 1961-1978.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Effects of simplified panicle fertilization on rice yield components after wheat straw return"

年份 Year	秸秆 Straw	品种 Variety	穗肥 Panicle fertilization	穗数 Panicles (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2021	SR	NJ9108	0﹕0	340.11±2.50b	122.11±2.27d	87.15±0.27b	25.48±0.15ab
			2﹕0	364.31±2.21a	142.43±2.37a	87.75±0.41b	25.40±0.17b
			1﹕1	363.94±2.35a	137.21±2.12b	87.88±0.62b	25.70±0.1ab
			0﹕2	362.96±2.17a	128.15±2.16c	88.88±0.45a	25.89±0.17a
		YD6	0﹕0	229.10±2.22b	159.76±2.91c	79.06±0.62b	31.00±0.21ab
			2﹕0	243.19±1.79a	179.89±2.99a	79.75±0.36b	30.82±0.30b
			1﹕1	242.81±1.78a	184.39±2.80a	79.79±0.53b	31.39±0.15a
			0﹕2	242.44±1.79a	170.14±3.12b	80.65±0.60a	31.35±0.42a
	NR	NJ9108	0﹕0	341.70±1.14b	117.56±2.38c	87.05±0.33b	25.47±0.10ab
			2﹕0	374.42±1.48a	131.02±2.35a	87.10±0.71b	25.24±0.42b
			1﹕1	374.94±1.32a	131.63±2.33a	87.17±0.27b	25.43±0.06ab
			0﹕2	374.74±1.19a	123.71±2.13b	87.97±0.44a	25.85±0.08a
		YD6	0﹕0	231.43±1.30b	152.68±2.49c	78.53±0.60b	30.61±0.38b
			2﹕0	245.44±1.27a	174.24±3.01a	79.36±0.34a	30.66±0.33b
			1﹕1	246.02±1.60a	178.17±2.91a	79.88±0.29a	31.12±0.09a
			0﹕2	244.85±1.67a	167.19±2.90b	80.17±0.55a	31.37±0.09a
2022	SR	NJ9108	0﹕0	345.10±2.02b	118.09±0.98d	74.11±0.39c	25.65±0.15a
			2﹕0	376.55±2.76a	138.98±1.04a	83.93±0.23b	25.59±0.09a
			1﹕1	375.21±2.30a	134.47±0.89b	84.21±0.32b	25.64±0.07a
			0﹕2	376.45±2.65a	125.42±0.84c	84.92±0.42a	25.86±0.05a
		YD6	0﹕0	229.12±1.07b	160.20±2.84d	73.56±0.37c	30.90±0.23bc
			2﹕0	250.89±0.87a	175.71±2.87b	75.61±0.16b	30.78±0.34c
			1﹕1	250.79±1.67a	180.51±0.96a	76.17±0.04ab	31.12±0.14ab
			0﹕2	250.47±1.68a	165.51±3.03c	76.44±0.57a	31.28±0.01a
	NR	NJ9108	0﹕0	345.87±2.04b	114.32±1.17c	73.36±0.20c	25.62±0.06a
			2﹕0	387.40±1.91a	128.41±0.71a	82.61±0.88b	25.51±0.08a
			1﹕1	385.90±1.09a	129.77±1.39a	83.77±0.53a	25.45±0.09a
			0﹕2	384.90±0.56a	124.82±1.17b	83.41±1.25ab	25.64±0.07a
		YD6	0﹕0	231.96±1.30b	155.02±1.87d	73.15±0.49c	30.52±0.36b
			2﹕0	254.02±0.28a	171.70±2.84b	74.66±0.04b	30.41±0.16b
			1﹕1	252.71±1.14a	176.92±0.81a	75.17±0.1ab	30.83±0.09a
			0﹕2	251.67±1.68a	165.22±2.09c	75.67±0.08a	31.05±0.10a

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

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变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	平方和 Sum of squares	均方 Mean square	F值 Computed F	F_0.05	F_0.01
区组 Replication	6	0.06	0.01	0.88	4.28	8.47
年度间 Year (Y)	1	10.03	10.03	845.58**	5.99	13.75
秸秆 Straw (S)	1	3.69	3.69	311.01**	5.99	13.75
品种 Variety (V)	1	2.28	2.28	104.64**	4.75	9.33
穗肥 Fertilization (F)	3	123.88	41.29	1640**	2.73	4.07
Y×S	1	0.01	0.01	1	5.99	13.75
Y×V	1	0.05	0.05	2.48	4.75	9.33
Y×F	3	2.15	0.72	28.46**	2.73	4.07
S×V	1	0.03	0.03	1.45	4.75	9.33
S×F	3	0.74	0.25	9.8**	2.73	4.07
V×F	3	2.90	0.97	38.34**	2.73	4.07
Y×S×V	3	0.01	0	0.07	2.73	4.07
Y×S×F	3	1.90	0.63	25.1**	2.73	4.07
Y×V×F	3	0.33	0.11	4.42**	2.73	4.07
Y×S×V×F	3	0.03	0.01	0.38	2.73	4.07
误差 Error	72	1.81	0.03
总变异 Total	127	150.24

年份 Year	品种 Variety	产量构成因素 Yield component	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
年份 Year	品种 Variety	产量构成因素 Yield component	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	穗数 Panicles	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate	千粒重 1000-grain weight
2021	NJ9108	穗数Panicles	0.793**	0.407		0.206	0.076	0.016
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.897**	0.716	0.363		0.020	-0.155
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.283	0.096	0.018	0.003		0.066
		千粒重1000-grain weight	0.058	0.131	0.005	-0.028	0.090
	YD6	穗数Panicles	0.884**	0.286		0.218	0.138	0.066
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.943**	0.679	0.517		0.190	0.087
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.532**	0.097	0.047	0.027		0.069
		千粒重1000-grain weight	0.372**	0.150	0.034	0.019	0.107
2022	NJ9108	穗数Panicles	0.902**	0.274		0.187	0.246	-0.055
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.908**	0.431	0.295		0.338	-0.084
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.963**	0.378	0.340	0.293		0.023
		千粒重1000-grain weight	-0.087	0.030	-0.006	-0.006	0.002
	YD6	穗数Panicles	0.905**	0.371		0.267	0.282	0.063
		每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	0.912**	0.551	0.396		0.308	0.036
		结实率Seed setting rate	0.811*	0.155	0.118	0.087		0.087
		千粒重1000-grain weight	0.302	0.116	0.021	0.008	0.065

Response Difference and Its Cause Reasons for Simplified Panicle Fertilization in Different Rice Varieties After Wheat Straw Return

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试验 Experiment	施氮量 Nitrogen fertilization level (kg·hm^-2)	处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Tillering fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥Panicle fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)
试验 Experiment	施氮量 Nitrogen fertilization level (kg·hm^-2)	处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Tillering fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	促花肥 Spikelet-promoting fertilizer	保花肥 Spikelet-protection fertilizer
2021	270		94.5	81
简化穗肥 Simplified panicle fertilizer		0﹕0			0	0
		2﹕0			94.5	0
		1﹕1			47.25	47.25
		0﹕2			0	94.5
2022	180		63	54
施氮量 Nitrogen fertilizer level		0﹕0			0	0
		2﹕0			63	0
		1﹕1			31.5	31.5
		0﹕2			0	63
	360		126	108
		0﹕0			0	0
		2﹕0			126	0
		1﹕1			63	63
		0﹕2			0	126

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