旱地小麦产量和水分利用对翻耕时间和降水量及其分布的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.06.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Aiming to solve the problems of low precipitation and uneven distribution of precipitation during the growth period, significant inter-annual variability, large proportion of precipitation during fallow period, and low water use efficiency (WUE) of precipitation, the objective of this study is to investigate the impact of deep ploughing time during fallow period in different precipitation years on soil water storage and wheat yield, and to provide a theoretical basis for revealing the yield depending precipitation years in southern Shanxi.【Method】 The field experiment was laid out following a randomized complete block design from 2010 to 2021, with three deep ploughing times set on August 10th (P₁), August 20th (P₂), and August 30th (P₃) to investigate the effects of ploughing time, precipitation, and its distribution on wheat yield, soil water storage characteristics during fallow periods, water consumption during growth periods, and their correlations.【Result】 (1) The precipitation year type exhibited a strong correlation with the average yield of dryland wheat, which ranged from 2 400.0-6 298.0 kg·hm^-2, with the coefficient 29.8%. The average yields for wet years (2012, 2014 and 2015), normal years (2011 and 2013), and dry years (2010, 2016, 2019, 2020 and 2021) were 5 524.6, 3 048.2, and 4 088.7 kg·hm^-2, respectively. The impact of precipitation year type on yield followed a descending order: annual precipitation, precipitation in the fallow period, and precipitation in the growth period. Both precipitation in the fallow period and the growth period primarily affected yield through their effect on spike number and kernels per spike. Additionally, an increase in both annual precipitation and March to April’s precipitation led to a significant increase in yield. The effect of deep ploughing time on wheat yield in dryland was closely related to the precipitation distribution in fallow period, which showed that P₁ yield was higher with more precipitation in July-August, and P₂ or P₃ yield was higher with more precipitation in September. (2) Precipitation, its distribution, and ploughing time had an impact on soil storage and consumption characteristics before sowing and after harvest. Precipitation during the fallow period mainly affected the soil water storage capacity in the lower layer (100-200 cm) before sowing and after harvest. The water storage capacity of the upper layer (0-100 cm) and the lower layer was similar or slightly low before sowing under the water-rich type in the fallow period. The water storage capacity of the lower layer was 6.17% and 24.66% lower than that of the upper soil under normal water and low water in the fallow period, respectively. More precipitation in July led to greater water storage in the lower soil, while more precipitation in August and September resulted in greater water storage in the upper soil. During growth periods, precipitation primarily impacted water storage capacity of the upper soil at harvest time, especially precipitation occurring in May. The average soil water storage capacity in the upper layer was the highest in P₂ before sowing and at harvest time, and the water storage capacity of subsoil and the average water storage capacity of 0-200 cm soil was the highest in P₂or P₃ at harvest time. (3) The effects of ploughing time and precipitation on water consumption and WUE were relatively small. The water consumption of dryland wheat during the growing period was affected by the annual precipitation, especially the precipitation in March.【Conclusion】 Precipitation and its distribution during the fallow period affect the soil water storage capacity of 0-200 cm before sowing of dryland wheat, and affect the yield of dryland wheat through spike number, kernels per spike together with the precipitation in March and April. There is a significant positive correlation between WUE and yield. In dryland wheat fields in south Shanxi Province, when there is more precipitation in July-August, deep ploughing is done on August 10th, and when there is less precipitation, deep ploughing is properly delayed from 10 to 20 d, which can effectively maintain soil water content during fallow period and achieve high yield.

Key words: dryland wheat, ploughing time, precipitation and its distribution, yield, water use efficiency (WUE)

DANG JianYou, JIANG WenChao, SUN Rui, SHANG BaoHua, PEI XueXia. Response of Wheat Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency to Ploughing Time and Precipitation and Its Distribution in Dryland[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(6): 1049-1065.

Figures/Tables 18

Fig. 1

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Table 1

Table 2

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Table 3

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Table 4

Table 5

Effect of ploughing time on soil water storage, water consumption and WUE"

年度Annual	处理 Treatment	播前蓄水量 Water storage before sowing (mm)			收获期蓄水量 Water storage after harvest (mm)			耗水量 <BOLD>W</BOLD>ater consumption (mm)	WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
年度Annual	处理 Treatment	上层 Upper layer	下层 Lower layer	0-200 cm	上层 Upper layer	下层 Lower layer	0-200 cm	耗水量 <BOLD>W</BOLD>ater consumption (mm)	WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2010	P₁	185.93	127.42	313.36a	77.67	102.08	179.75a	277.31a	9.180a
	P₂	189.88	133.70	323.57a	78.11	102.40	180.51a	286.77a	8.413a
	P₃	179.46	133.76	313.22a	74.21	100.29	174.50a	282.41a	8.372a
2011	P₁	197.00	166.88	363.88b	97.70	116.91	214.60a	251.28b	15.382a
	P₂	216.87	194.08	410.96a	96.04	116.24	212.28a	300.68a	12.700b
	P₃	198.98	180.72	379.70b	95.85	126.80	222.65a	259.05b	13.144ab
2012	P₁	235.08	180.25	415.33b	103.04	116.71	219.75b	393.39a	13.498a
	P₂	233.52	208.77	442.29ab	108.60	127.61	236.21a	403.88a	12.535a
	P₃	239.46	221.62	461.08a	110.37	127.52	237.89a	420.99a	13.368a
2013	P₁	200.50	205.06	405.56a	137.63	123.30	260.93b	273.64a	8.897a
	P₂	223.92	189.70	413.62a	159.22	133.04	292.26a	250.36a	9.694a
	P₃	217.89	202.25	420.15a	152.54	143.50	296.05a	253.10a	9.239a
2014	P₁	208.84	232.12	440.96a	97.63	145.51	243.14a	396.92a	16.243a
	P₂	205.74	226.89	432.63a	104.80	140.53	245.33a	386.40a	16.192a
	P₃	208.06	241.71	449.77a	101.91	149.25	251.15a	397.72a	15.565a
2015	P₁	244.20	209.70	453.91a	99.23	148.95	248.18c	325.32a	15.398b
	P₂	232.27	233.14	465.41a	110.19	162.79	272.97b	312.03a	16.211b
	P₃	234.14	230.44	464.58a	124.02	173.78	297.80a	286.38b	16.616a
2016	P₁	140.73	118.75	259.48a	111.66	135.20	246.86ab	223.42a	15.630a
	P₂	142.59	121.19	263.79a	111.43	131.31	242.74b	231.85a	15.903a
	P₃	140.01	116.42	256.43a	118.88	142.49	261.37a	205.86a	16.686a
2019	P₁	220.63	211.29	431.92a	88.21	118.33	206.53a	309.89a	17.531c
	P₂	219.19	167.10	386.29b	88.31	118.56	206.88a	263.92b	20.040b
	P₃	184.58	152.86	337.44c	77.55	110.23	187.78b	234.15b	21.300a
2020	P₁	172.76	121.16	293.92a	78.75	105.90	184.65a	244.18a	19.234a
	P₂	170.49	121.71	292.20a	79.49	107.40	186.89a	240.21a	18.025a
	P₃	160.64	122.76	283.40a	74.25	106.42	180.67a	237.63a	15.452b
2021	P₁	196.37	225.11	421.48a	78.43	98.12	176.55a	339.43a	14.037b
	P₂	193.33	229.28	422.61a	89.84	95.84	185.68a	331.43a	12.843b
	P₃	194.10	240.91	435.01a	87.24	99.36	186.59a	342.92a	17.395a
年度均值Annual average	2010	185.09	131.63	316.71d	76.66	101.59	178.25f	282.16cd	8.655e
	2011	204.28	180.56	384.85c	96.53	119.98	216.51cd	270.34cde	13.742d
	2012	236.02	203.55	439.57ab	107.34	123.95	231.28bc	406.09a	13.134d
	2013	214.10	199.00	413.11bc	149.80	133.28	283.08a	259.03de	9.277e
	2014	207.55	233.57	441.12ab	101.45	145.10	246.54b	393.68a	16.000bc
	2015	236.87	224.43	461.30 a	111.15	161.84	272.98a	307.91c	16.075bc
	2016	141.11	118.79	259.90e	113.99	136.33	250.33b	220.37f	16.073bc
	2019	208.13	177.08	385.22c	84.69	115.71	200.39de	269.33cde	19.624a
	2020	167.96	121.88	289.84de	77.50	106.57	184.07ef	240.67ef	17.570b
	2021	194.60	231.77	426.37b	85.17	97.77	182.94ef	337.93b	14.758cd
耕作均值Ploughing average	P₁	200.20	179.77	379.98a	97.00	121.10	218.09c	303.48a	14.503a
	P₂	202.78	182.56	385.34a	102.60	123.57	226.17b	300.75a	14.256a
	P₃	195.73	184.35	380.08a	101.68	127.96	229.65a	292.02b	14.714a
F值 F value	年度Annual (A)			113.25**			104.36**	87.49**	83.35**
	耕作时间Ploughing time (P)			1.29ns			25.26**	7.19**	2.39ns
	年度×耕作时间 A×P			5.40**			10.11**	4.81**	4.36**

Table 5

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Table 8

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Table 11

Fig. 7

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[28]	廖允成, 韩思明, 温晓霞. 黄土台塬旱地小麦土壤水分特征及水分利用效率研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2002, 10(3): 55-58.
	LIAO Y C, HAN S M, WEN X X. Study on characteristics of soil moisture and its use efficiency in dryland wheat in the loess tableland. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2002, 10(3): 55-58. (in Chinese)
[29]	刘朋召, 周栋, 郭星宇, 于琦, 张元红, 李昊昱, 张琦, 王旭敏, 王小利, 王瑞, 李军. 不同降雨年型旱地冬小麦水分利用及产量对施氮量的响应. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(14): 3065-3076. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.012.
	LIU P Z, ZHOU D, GUO X Y, YU Q, ZHANG Y H, LI H Y, ZHANG Q, WANG X M, WANG X L, WANG R, LI J. Response of water use and yield of dryland winter wheat to nitrogen application under different rainfall patterns. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(14): 3065-3076. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.012. (in Chinese)

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年度 Year	全年<BOLD>A</BOLD>nnual		休闲期Fallow period		生育期Growth period		休闲期降水量占比Proportion of precipitation in fallow period (%)
年度 Year	降水量 Precipitation (mm)	降水年型 Precipitation year type	降水量 Precipitation (mm)	降水型 Precipitation type	降水量 Precipitation (mm)	降水型 Precipitation type
2010	374.3	枯水年Dry year	230.6	枯水型Dry type	143.7	平水型Normal type	61.61
2011	451.9	平水年Normal year	349.9	平水型Normal type	102.0	枯水型Dry type	77.43
2012	525.0	丰水年Wet year	327.2	平水型Normal type	197.8	丰水型Wet type	62.32
2013	481.5	平水年Normal year	352.5	平水型Normal type	129.0	枯水型Dry type	73.21
2014	597.1	丰水年Wet year	398.0	丰水型Wet type	199.1	丰水型Wet type	66.66
2015	537.5	丰水年Wet year	417.9	丰水型Wet type	119.6	枯水型Dry type	77.75
2016	352.7	枯水年Dry year	141.9	枯水型Dry type	210.8	丰水型Wet type	40.23
2019	401.2	枯水年Dry year	316.7	平水型Normal type	84.5	枯水型Dry type	78.94
2020	433.5	枯水年Dry year	298.6	枯水型Dry type	134.9	平水型Normal type	68.88
2021	431.0	枯水年Dry year	336.5	平水型Normal type	94.5	枯水型Dry type	78.07

年度 Year	翻耕时间Ploughing time (y-m-d)			播期 Sowing date (y-m-d)	收获期 Harvest date (y-m-d)	小麦品种 Wheat variety
年度 Year	P₁	P₂	P₃	播期 Sowing date (y-m-d)	收获期 Harvest date (y-m-d)	小麦品种 Wheat variety
2010	2009-08-08	2009-08-20	2009-09-01	2009-09-28	2010-06-08	晋麦79号Jinmai79
2011	2010-08-10	2010-08-20	2010-08-30	2010-09-27	2011-06-07	晋麦79号Jinmai79
2012	2011-08-09	2011-08-20	2011-08-30	2011-09-27	2012-06-06	晋麦79号Jinmai79
2013	2012-08-09	2012-08-21	2012-09-01	2012-09-28	2013-05-28	晋麦92号Jinmai92
2014	2013-08-10	2013-08-20	2013-08-30	2013-09-28	2014-06-05	晋麦92号Jinmai92
2015	2014-08-10	2014-08-20	2014-08-30	2014-09-28	2015-06-05	晋麦92号Jinmai92
2016	2015-08-10	2015-08-20	2015-08-30	2015-10-02	2016-05-30	晋麦92号Jinmai92
2019	2018-08-09	2018-08-21	2018-08-31	2018-09-28	2019-06-02	晋麦92号Jinmai92
2020	2019-08-10	2019-08-20	2019-08-30	2019-09-27	2020-06-02	晋麦92号Jinmai92
2021	2020-08-09	2020-08-21	2020-08-30	2020-10-05	2021-06-04	晋麦92号Jinmai92

产量 Yield	1月 Jan.	2月 Feb.	3月 Mar.	4月 Apr.	5月 May	6月 Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月 Aug.	9月 Sep.	10月 Oct.	11月 Nov.	12月 Dec.	休闲期 Fallow period	生育期 Growth period	年度Annual
P₁	0.182	0.355	0.521	0.572	-0.211	0.177	0.489	-0.216	0.273	-0.124	-0.144	-0.375	0.502	0.106	0.586
P₂	0.141	0.269	0.481	0.636*	-0.192	0.105	0.503	-0.259	0.308	-0.059	-0.118	-0.359	0.483	0.158	0.597
P₃	-0.064	0.393	0.678*	0.374	-0.292	0.106	0.432	-0.051	0.101	0.037	0.015	-0.373	0.462	0.095	0.538
年均值Average	0.082	0.351	0.580	0.534	-0.240	0.132	0.485	-0.174	0.227	-0.047	-0.081	-0.379	0.494	0.121	0.587

	处理 Treatment	1月Jan.	2月Feb.	3月Mar.	4月Apr.	5月May	6月Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月Aug.	9月Sep.	10月Oct.	11月Nov.	12月Dec.	休闲期 Fallow period	生育期 Growth period	年度 Annual
成穗数Spike number	P₁	0.612	0.444	0.340	0.084	-0.071	0.492	0.052	0.125	0.400	-0.388	-0.395	-0.423	0.552	-0.181	0.468
	P₂	0.583	0.356	0.407	0.056	-0.029	0.492	-0.065	0.026	0.307	-0.173	-0.172	-0.487	0.303	0.004	0.318
	P₃	0.448	0.360	0.474	-0.038	-0.224	0.515	-0.060	0.012	0.164	-0.183	-0.012	-0.353	0.217	-0.075	0.182
	年均值 Average	0.558	0.397	0.425	0.030	-0.120	0.516	-0.028	0.053	0.290	-0.251	-0.186	-0.429	0.358	-0.086	0.322
穗粒数Kernels per spike	P₁	-0.324	0.332	0.565	0.454	-0.290	-0.297	0.629	0.137	0.143	-0.084	-0.174	-0.224	0.712*	-0.045	0.716*
	P₂	-0.245	0.431	0.520	0.747*	-0.055	-0.186	0.688*	-0.192	0.044	0.109	-0.143	-0.477	0.458	0.294	0.656*
	P₃	-0.408	0.387	0.487	0.487	-0.150	-0.271	0.560	0.088	0.020	0.188	-0.142	-0.428	0.535	0.132	0.638*
	年均值 Average	-0.344	0.399	0.540	0.587	-0.169	-0.261	0.647*	0.008	0.067	0.086	-0.156	-0.398	0.582	0.138	0.691*
千粒重1000-grain weight	P₁	0.092	0.017	0.137	0.289	0.062	0.195	0.575	-0.451	-0.093	-0.337	-0.009	0.518	0.147	0.059	0.189
	P₂	0.018	0.049	0.211	0.252	-0.030	0.054	0.630	-0.295	-0.070	-0.443	-0.069	0.543	0.300	-0.064	0.275
	P₃	-0.035	0.283	0.501	0.199	-0.043	0.064	0.649*	-0.083	-0.091	-0.333	-0.116	0.241	0.486	-0.041	0.483
	年均值 Average	0.031	0.106	0.274	0.262	-0.004	0.114	0.635*	-0.306	-0.086	-0.385	-0.059	0.464	0.304	-0.013	0.309

	0—100 cm土壤Soil					100—200 cm土壤Soil					0—200 cm土壤Soil
	6月 Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月Aug.	9月 Sep.	休闲期 Fallow period	6月 Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月 Aug.	9月 Sep.	休闲期 Fallow period	6月 Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月 Aug.	9月 Sep.	休闲期 Fallow period
P₁	-0.310	0.319	0.290	0.543	0.803**	-0.114	0.634*	0.297	-0.025	0.784**	-0.210	0.548	0.319	0.223	0.857**
P₂	-0.476	0.344	0.444	0.388	0.797**	-0.319	0.454	0.529	0.097	0.831**	-0.410	0.441	0.533	0.229	0.879**
P₃	-0.487	0.317	0.446	0.424	0.798**	-0.274	0.475	0.469	0.072	0.798**	-0.372	0.433	0.481	0.217	0.833**
年均值Average	-0.437	0.335	0.405	0.465	0.822**	-0.237	0.540	0.451	0.042	0.832**	-0.341	0.484	0.457	0.228	0.877**

Response of Wheat Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency to Ploughing Time and Precipitation and Its Distribution in Dryland

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	1月Jan.	2月Feb.	3月Mar.	4月Apr.	5月May	6月Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月Aug.	9月Sep.	10月 Oct.	11月Nov.	12月Dec.	休闲期 Fallow period	生育期 Growth period	年度 Annual
0-100	P₁	-0.295	-0.531	-0.048	-0.092	0.571	-0.435	0.145	0.040	0.048	0.235	0.111	0.558	0.066	0.298	0.247
	P₂	-0.266	-0.416	-0.003	-0.166	0.582	-0.342	0.173	0.136	0.063	0.126	0.014	0.578	0.210	0.204	0.341
	P₃	-0.268	-0.460	0.046	-0.114	0.539	-0.390	0.060	0.163	0.180	0.282	0.076	0.380	0.195	0.284	0.372
	均值 Average	-0.279	-0.471	0.003	-0.128	0.571	-0.392	0.124	0.122	0.104	0.218	0.065	0.505	0.167	0.264	0.332
100-200	P₁	-0.148	-0.220	0.041	0.601	0.303	-0.291	0.399	-0.257	0.337	0.286	-0.079	-0.062	0.293	0.410	0.550
	P₂	-0.053	-0.380	0.073	0.481	0.273	-0.328	0.257	-0.136	0.558	0.192	-0.055	0.041	0.397	0.329	0.610
	P₃	-0.127	-0.299	0.065	0.363	0.392	-0.366	0.225	-0.010	0.423	0.270	-0.103	-0.026	0.371	0.346	0.593
	均值 Average	-0.111	-0.307	0.062	0.476	0.334	-0.338	0.289	-0.122	0.449	0.253	-0.082	-0.015	0.363	0.364	0.596
0-200	P₁	-0.258	-0.438	-0.006	0.284	0.509	-0.422	0.310	-0.121	0.218	0.300	0.021	0.296	0.204	0.407	0.455
	P₂	-0.191	-0.452	0.036	0.148	0.498	-0.380	0.239	0.013	0.328	0.177	-0.020	0.376	0.335	0.296	0.526
	P₃	-0.212	-0.406	0.059	0.128	0.497	-0.403	0.150	0.083	0.318	0.294	-0.012	0.192	0.299	0.334	0.511
	均值 Average	-0.220	-0.435	0.035	0.178	0.507	-0.405	0.225	0.005	0.298	0.260	-0.006	0.284	0.289	0.346	0.507

	处理 Treatment	1月Jan.	2月Feb.	3月Mar.	4月Apr.	5月May	6月Jun.	7月Jul.	8月Aug.	9月Sep.	10月Oct.	11月Nov.	12月Dec.	休闲期Fallow period	生育期Growth period	年度Annual
生育期耗水量 Water consumption during growth period	P₁	-0.250	0.215	0.809**	0.445	-0.138	-0.214	0.602	-0.021	0.170	-0.005	0.073	-0.126	0.595	0.205	0.743*
	P₂	-0.346	0.253	0.929**	0.374	-0.089	-0.425	0.499	0.153	0.082	0.167	0.119	-0.374	0.522	0.301	0.724*
	P3	-0.287	0.268	0.944**	0.330	0.021	-0.301	0.486	0.091	0.052	0.148	0.146	-0.306	0.475	0.353	0.706*
	年均值 Average	-0.300	0.252	0.917**	0.389	-0.064	-0.319	0.538	0.076	0.101	0.108	0.117	-0.276	0.539	0.297	0.739*
WUE	P₁	0.546	0.262	-0.034	0.325	-0.166	0.480	0.018	-0.268	0.249	-0.151	-0.234	-0.432	0.091	-0.041	0.070
	P₂	0.494	0.078	-0.170	0.426	-0.223	0.501	0.111	-0.446	0.329	-0.193	-0.172	-0.147	0.091	-0.064	0.057
	P3	0.215	0.169	-0.039	0.221	-0.483	0.429	0.068	-0.235	0.133	-0.075	-0.043	-0.172	0.086	-0.202	-0.030
	年均值 Average	0.430	0.174	-0.085	0.337	-0.312	0.491	0.070	-0.331	0.245	-0.145	-0.152	-0.254	0.093	-0.111	0.031

处理 Treatment	播前蓄水量 Soil water storage before sowing			收获期蓄水量 Soil water storage after harvest			生育期耗水量 <BOLD>W</BOLD>ater consumption during growth period	WUE
处理 Treatment	0-100 cm	100-200 cm	0-200 cm	0-100 cm	100-200 cm	0-200 cm		WUE
P₁	0.483	0.522	0.548	-0.371	0.332	-0.009	0.705*	0.699*
P₂	0.254	0.483	0.422	-0.238	0.377	0.050	0.577	0.720*
P₃	0.359	0.649*	0.561	-0.176	0.083	-0.053	0.674*	0.639*
年均值Average	0.370	0.577	0.524	-0.271	0.250	-0.015	0.675*	0.691*

土层 Soil layer (cm)	年度Annual
土层 Soil layer (cm)	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2019	2020	2021
20	14.02	12.56	13.77	13.14	15.31	15.88	10.66	18.35	14.19	9.87
40	13.86	15.42	18.02	17.12	15.74	16.66	13.01	17.68	14.47	12.24
60	15.67	16.98	19.06	17.41	15.98	18.02	12.78	16.17	14.59	14.95
80	15.27	17.27	19.94	17.62	16.54	20.08	10.84	14.68	12.63	16.70
100	13.49	17.57	21.40	18.34	17.51	21.90	7.83	14.42	9.72	17.71
120	12.63	17.23	21.59	18.81	19.02	20.82	7.17	15.25	9.88	19.11
140	10.71	16.94	20.60	16.84	19.87	20.20	7.92	14.95	9.77	19.61
160	9.74	14.24	15.55	16.36	17.95	18.70	9.25	13.71	9.50	18.36
180	9.79	11.39	10.97	13.42	17.88	16.11	10.31	12.83	9.34	17.51
200	8.54	10.73	10.80	12.31	16.52	11.84	11.75	12.43	9.12	15.95

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	年度Annual
土层 Soil layer (cm)	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2019	2020	2021
20	5.99	4.38	8.08	19.07	4.22	12.07	9.44	3.30	4.59	5.08
40	5.01	6.15	7.65	14.57	6.92	6.09	7.34	5.17	5.13	5.12
60	5.42	8.68	8.35	8.38	9.16	7.39	8.79	7.55	6.16	5.40
80	6.45	9.08	8.94	8.13	9.31	8.66	9.22	8.39	7.00	7.53
100	7.08	9.42	8.90	8.36	10.01	9.20	9.74	8.68	7.40	8.19
120	7.42	9.35	9.43	11.46	11.23	9.78	9.86	8.86	8.32	7.01
140	7.58	9.21	9.52	11.34	11.52	11.92	10.38	9.26	8.49	6.93
160	7.79	10.27	9.71	11.02	11.72	13.88	10.99	9.12	8.19	7.69
180	8.36	9.39	9.94	9.66	11.51	14.87	10.86	8.92	8.21	8.11
200	8.54	8.65	9.81	8.57	10.70	12.78	11.17	9.04	8.43	8.45