Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (19): 3879-3893.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.014

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Differences and Genesis of Grape Phenolic Compounds Among Different Altitudes in Yunnan Shangri-la

ZHANG KeNan1(), YIN HaiNing1, WANG JiaKui2, CAO JianHong2, XI ZhuMei1,3()   

  1. 1 College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
    2 Shangri-la Winery Co, LTD, Shangri-la 674400, Yunnan
    3 Shaanxi Grape and Wine Engineering Center, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
  • Received:2023-03-15 Accepted:2023-06-05 Online:2023-10-01 Published:2023-10-08
  • Contact: XI ZhuMei

Abstract:

【Objective】Phenolic compounds are important secondary metabolites of wine grape, which have an important influence on the quality of grape and wine. In this study, the differences and genesis of phenolic substances in grape skins among different altitudes were studied combined with soil and climate factors, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the planting management of wine grapes at high altitudes region. 【Method】In the present research, Merlot wine grape was used as the test material. For three consecutive years (2020, 2021 and 2022), the differences of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, total anthocyanins, the content of individual and non-individual anthocyanin components in grape skins at two altitudes (2 181, 2 300 m) at maturity stage were analyzed. Meanwhile, climate factors such as light, temperature and humidity at different altitudes were monitored during grape development, and the influences of climatic factors on phenolic substances of grape skins were analyzed. 【Result】There were no significant differences in the main mineral nutrients of the soils of the two altitude vineyards, and some differences in climatic factors, such as light, UV intensity, temperature and humidity. Altitude had a significant effect on the content of phenolic substances in grape skins. In the years of 2020-2022, the higher altitude was conducive to the accumulation of phenolic substances in grape skins. the content of total phenols, total tannin, total anthocyanins, most of the individual anthocyanins and the quercetin in berry skins were higher at the altitude of 2 300 m; compared with that at 2 181 m, the content of total tannin in grape skins at 2 300 m increased by 56.27%-174.49%. The flavonoid content at 2 181 m altitude were significantly higher than that at 2 300 m, with an increase of 32.25% to 79.48%. OPLS-DA analysis showed that, the main different compounds of phenolic compounds between the two altitudes were total tannin (TTC), total flavonoids (TFo), malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv), malvidin-3-acetly-glucoside (Mv-Ace), cyanidin-3- glucoside (Cy), and peonidin-3-glucoside (Pn). Grey correlation analysis showed that day-night temperature difference in grape growing season had a great effect on the content of total phenols and total flavonoids in grape skins. The content of total anthocyanins, individual anthocyanins and quercetin in skins were significantly affected by light and ultraviolet intensity. The content of three anthocyanins (Pt, Pn-Ace and Pn-Cou) and quercetin were mainly affected by the light intensity during grape veraison (July).【Conclusion】The climatic conditions of different altitudes, especially day-night temperature difference, light and ultraviolet intensity were the main factors causing the differences of phenolic content. The larger day-night temperature difference, stronger light and ultraviolet intensity at higher altitude were conducive to the accumulation of phenolic substances in grape skins.

Key words: grape, phenolic, altitude, climate factors, grey correlation analysis

Fig. 1

Sampling sites and contour line in Deqin"

Table 1

Soil nutrients of vineyards"

海拔
Altitude
(m)
土壤质地
Soil texture
pH 有机质
Organic matter (g∙kg-1)
全氮
Total N
(g∙kg-1)
全磷
Total P
(g∙kg-1)
全钾
Total K
(g∙kg-1)
速效磷
Available P (mg∙kg-1)
速效钾
Available K (mg∙kg-1)
2181 粉砂质壤土 Silty loam 7.34±0.01a 16.94±0.08a 1.45±0.05a 0.60±0.06a 16.15±0.04a 14.10±0.05a 317.11±0.67a
2300 粉砂质壤土 Silty loam 7.09±0.02b 17.08±0.07a 1.42±0.04a 0.75±0.004a 16.15±0.01a 14.32±0.17a 319.11±1.30a

Fig. 2

Climate factors of vineyards at different altitudes Different lowercase letters of same climatic factor indicate significant difference between different altitudes (P<0.05). The same as below"

Fig. 3

The phenolic contents in grape skins of different altitudes"

Fig. 4

The individual anthocyanin content in grape skins of different altitudes * meant significant difference (P<0.05) and higher content of individual anthocyanin between different altitudes in same year"

Table 2

The non-individual anthocyanin content in grape skins of different altitudes (mg·g-1 DW)"

年份
Years
海拔
Altitude
(m)
黄烷醇类
Flavanols
黄酮醇类
Flavonols
羟基肉桂酸类
Hydroxycinnamic acids
羟基苯甲酸类
Hydroxybenzolic acids
儿茶素
Catechin
表儿茶素
Epicatechin
槲皮素
Quercetin
山奈酚
Kaempferol
绿原酸
Chlorogenic acid
咖啡酸
Caffeic acid
反式阿魏酸
Trans-ferulic acid
对香豆酸
P-coumaric acid
没食子酸
Gallic acid
原儿茶酸
Protocatechuic acid
香草酸
Vanillic acid
丁香酸
Syringic acid
2021 2 181 0.60±0.05a 0.58±0.01a 3.00±0.04b 1.84±0.02b 1.02±0.001a 0.90±0.01a 0.39±0.001a 0.40±0.001a 0.33±0.002a 0.54±0.002a 0.36±0.02a 0.35±0.001a
2 300 0.59±0.02a 0.61±0.01a 4.06±0.13a 1.98±0.001a 1.03±0.03a 0.90±±0.001a 0.41±0.01a 0.41±0.002a 0.32±0.001a 0.55±0.003a 0.35±0.01a 0.35±0.01a
2022 2 181 0.52±0.05a 0.75±0.02b 2.89±0.10b 2.14±0.13a 1.00±0.001b 0.89±0.006a 0.40±0.002b 0.34±0.006b 0.32±0.001b 0.54±0.001a 0.37±0.005b 0.40±0.005a
2 300 1.37±0.29a 0.98±0.04a 3.41±0.09a 2.25±0.46a 1.44±0.02a 1.01±0.07a 0.50±0.004a 0.40±0.001a 0.43±0.001a 0.53±0.02a 0.49±0.01a 0.45±0.04a

Fig. 5

OPLS-DA score and test plots of phenolic compounds in grape skins at different altitudes"

Fig. 6

The grey relational analysis between altitude, climatic factors and phenolic substances in grape skins"

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