旱地化肥分层和深施对春小麦水肥利用及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.17.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020, in order to determine the optimized fertilization amount and methods of spring wheat, and to improve yield and water use efficiency on rain-fed area of northwest China. 【Method】 The spring wheat (Longchun 35) was selected as test material. Three fertilization depths with nitrogen reduction application included shallow application (PM-N), deep application (PMD), and layered application (PMA), and the control was traditional nitrogen shallow application (PM). The soil water content in 0-300 cm profile, aboveground biomass, leaf SPAD value, canopy temperature and leaf area index (LAI) in different growth stages, as well as grain yield of wheat were recorded. The soil water storage (SWS), periodical evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), plant nitrogen accumulation (PNA) and nitrogen partial productivity (PFPN) were calculated to understand the effects of the deeper and layered application of chemical fertilizer on nutrient and water utilization from the aspect of soil moisture, canopy development and grain yield. 【Result】 PMA and PMD significantly regulated the process of water consumption during the growth period of spring wheat. From seedling to jointing stage, the water consumption in 0-300 cm profile of PMA and PMD increased by 11.8-20.4 mm and 15.1-25.4 mm compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 10.7-14.6 mm and 9.3-20.0 mm compared with PM-N, respectively. From heading to filling stage, the water consumption increased by 15.1-39.8 mm and 16.5-26.5 mm compared with PM, increased by 18.1-48.7 mm and 19.5-35.4 mm compared with PM-N, respectively. Correspondingly, the average SPAD value, LAI and biomass during the growth period of spring wheat of PMA and PMD were increased by 7.2% and 4.2%, 23.0% and 19.4%, 34.6% and 17.8% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 7.6% and 5.4%, 17.7% and 10.8%, 38.5% and 23.4% compared with PM-N, respectively. However, the canopy temperature of PMA after jointing, and that of PMD after heading was decreased by 8.5% and 4.5% compared with PM, respectively, and decreased by 8.6% and 4.8% compared with PM-N, respectively. The grain number was increased by 4.3% and 4.0% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 4.8% and 4.2% compared with PM-N, respectively. The spike number was increased by 10.1% and 6.2% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 11.0% and 7.8% compared with PM-N, respectively. The yield, WUE, PNA and PFPN of PMA and PMD were increased by 10.5% and 5.1%, 11.8% and 6.2%, 48.0% and 35.7%, 38.2% and 31.3% compared with PM, respectively, and increased by 15.7% and 10.0%, 14.1% and 8.0%, 51.8% and 40.4%, 15.7% and 10.0% compared with PM-N, as compared with PM-N, respectively. The yield, WUE and PFPN of PMA were increased by 5.2%, 4.8% and 5.2% compared to PMD, respectively. The significant difference of the indices between PM-N and PM were not observed, except the PFPN of PM-N was significantly increased by 21.0% compared to PM. 【Conclusion】 While the amount of chemical N application was reduced from 150 kg·hm^-2 to 120 kg·hm^-2, both PMD and PMA could increase the grain yield, nitrogen and water utilization, which should be widely extend on the northwest loess plateau.

Key words: arid area of northwest, spring wheat, nitrogen reduction and chemical fertilizer deep application, nitrogen reduction and chemical fertilizer layered application, water use efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity

HOU HuiZhi,ZHANG XuCheng,YIN JiaDe,FANG YanJie,WANG HongLi,YU XianFeng,MA YiFan,ZHANG GuoPing,LEI KangNing. Effects of Deep and Layered Application of Reduced Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Water, Nutrient Utilization and Yield of Spring Wheat in Rain-Fed Arid Area[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(17): 3289-3302.

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处理 Treatment	处理描述 Description of treatments	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer (kg N·hm^-2)	磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	钾肥 Potassium fertilizer (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
氮肥常量浅施 Traditional nitrogen application (PM)	施肥深度15 cm Apply on 15 cm depth	150	120	90
氮肥减量浅施 Nitrogen reduction apply on 15 cm depth (PM-N)	施肥深度15 cm Apply on 15 cm depth	120	120	90
氮肥减量深施 Nitrogen reduction apply on 30 cm depth (PMD)	施肥深度30 cm Apply on 30 cm depth	120	120	90
氮肥减量分层施肥 Nitrogen reduction averagely apply on 15 cm and 30 cm depths (PMA)	在15 cm和30 cm施肥量=1:1 Averagely apply on 15 cm and 30 cm depths	120	120	90

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播种期 Sowing	苗期 Seeding	拔节期 Jointing	抽穗期 Heading	灌浆期 Filling	成熟期 Harvesting
2018	PM	572.5±5.0a	576.1±4.4a	546.1±7.9a	530.1±4.3a	519.7±8.0a	614.8±5.6a
	PM-N	572.5±5.0a	574.8±6.8a	539.4±4.7a	526.0±8.1a	518.5±8.5a	615.6±9.0a
	PMD	572.5±5.0a	589.2±7.2a	533.8±7.2a	536.4±19.8a	509.5±12.8a	614.5±8.6a
	PMA	572.5±5.0a	584.8±5.5a	534.8±9.6a	534.3±8.1a	508.7±8.4a	615.5±13.0a
2019	PM	558.8±7.0a	533.2±13.9b	549.5±10.7b	495.8±9.3b	512.8±12.9a	467.3±5.6b
	PM-N	562.5±6.7a	535±10.1b	550.2±7.5ab	492.7±9.0b	518.6±6.8a	478.7±6.2b
	PMD	580.7±18.8a	562.9±8.1a	564.1±7.3ab	515.3±10.7ab	505.8±7.5a	502.6±7.0a
	PMA	579.5±10.7a	568.8±7.3a	573.4±10.0a	526.1±6.8a	503.3±9.4a	498.2±6.6a
2020	PM	542.5±8.7b	508.4±8.0b	529.8±9.5ab	481.7±9.9a	471.6±7.2a	450.9±9.2b
	PM-N	546.6±12.7ab	514.1±7.4b	528.1±5.5b	476.0±7.6a	474.2±7.8a	464.6±5.6ab
	PMD	568.6±7.6a	546.7±8.5a	551.3±7.3a	500.8±11.5a	472.5±11.8a	473.9±9.3a
	PMA	564.3±8.2ab	544.9±8.1a	545.8±11.7ab	496.7±10.1a	470.0±8.0a	470.4±10.1ab

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播种—苗期 Sowing-Seeding	苗期—拔节期 Seeding-Jointing	拔节—抽穗期 Jointing-Heading	抽穗—灌浆期 Heading-Filling	灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Harvesting
2018	PM	48.7±1.3ab	41.2±4.4b	67.9±3.7a	72.7±3.8b	39.8±4.9a
	PM-N	49.9±3.6a	46.6±2.2b	65.4±4.0ab	69.7±6.2b	37.8±4.4a
	PMD	35.5±7.1c	66.6±0.1a	49.3±12.6b	89.2±7.0a	30.0±11.1a
	PMA	40.0±4.0bc	61.2±4.4a	52.4±2.5ab	87.8±1.1a	28.2±6.9a
2019	PM	55.8±12.8a	36.8±3.7b	64.8±1.4ab	81.4±8.1b	100.9±9.4a
	PM-N	57.7±12.3a	37.9±4.6b	68.6±4.0a	72.5±2.2b	95.1±6.4a
	PMD	48.0±9.7a	51.9±2.9a	59.9±3.8ab	107.9±7.3a	58.5±5.4b
	PMA	40.9±5.8a	48.5±2.7a	58.4±5.0b	121.2±4.1a	60.4±5.8b
2020	PM	48.8±3.3a	32.5±2.1c	68.5±4.6a	49.2±3.0b	147.1±3.5a
	PM-N	47.1±7.4a	39.9±2.0b	72.5±2.8a	40.9±2.3c	136.0±2.4b
	PMD	36.7±3.2b	49.2±1.3a	70.9±4.7a	67.4±1.9a	125.1±2.8c
	PMA	34.1±4.0b	52.9±4.2a	69.4±7.1a	65.8±4.4a	126.1±4.2c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗粒数 Grain number	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	公顷穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	耗水量 Evaportranspiration (mm)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2018	PM	31.6b	40.7a	219.5c	2621.3c	270.2a	9.7b
	PM-N	31.5b	40.3a	216.8c	2578.9c	269.4a	9.6b
	PMD	32.7a	40a	230.9b	2769.1b	270.6a	10.2ab
	PMA	32.5a	39.9a	240.5a	2883.6a	269.6a	10.7a
2019	PM	34.2b	42.1a	265.2b	3784.9c	339.6a	11.1b
	PM-N	34.2b	41.2a	265.8b	3626.2b	331.8a	10.9b
	PMD	35.9a	41.4a	284.1a	3872.6b	326.2a	11.9a
	PMA	36.1a	41.4a	288.6a	4019.7a	329.4a	12.2a
2020	PM	35.5c	41.3a	246.2c	3513.5c	346.1ab	10.2bc
	PM-N	35.2c	41.7a	241.6bc	3345.1c	336.4b	9.9c
	PMD	36.4b	41.3a	263.4ab	3786.4b	349.3a	10.8b
	PMA	37.5a	41.2a	274.0a	4032.3a	348.4a	11.6a
显著性值 P	年份Year	0.0001	0.0012	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
	处理Treatment	0.0028	0.2202	0.0001	0.0037	0.5617	0.0001
	年份×处理Year×Treatment	0.0067	0.5731	0.5388	0.0001	0.0319	0.6736

Effects of Deep and Layered Application of Reduced Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Water, Nutrient Utilization and Yield of Spring Wheat in Rain-Fed Arid Area

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