极端年型旱地麦田深松和覆盖播种水分消耗与植株氮素吸收、利用关系的研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of these experiments was to clarify the relationship among soil water variety, nitrogen utilization and yield, and to explore emergency measures of tillage and mulched-sowing technique. 【Method】Field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2016 in Wenxi, Shanxi province, with sub-soiling (SS) or no-tillage (NT) as the main plots and three sowing methods (Film-mulched soil hole sowing, FSH; Film-mulched sowing, FM; Drill sowing, DS) as the subplots, classification of annual type according to precipitation, in order to assess the effects of mulched-sowing under sub-soiling on relationship with water consumed and accumulation absorption and utilization in dry wheat.【Result】Under difference precipitation, the water consumption amount and its ratio was declined from sowing stage to jointing stage, but the water consumption amount and its ratio from jointing stage to mature was increased, thus water consumption during growth period was increased under sub-soiling and mulched-sowing; Nitrogen accumulation at every growth stage also was increased, especially ratio of nitrogen accumulation from jointing stage to anthesis; Pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount in various organs and contribution of translocation to grain was increased; Grain yield was improved significantly by 16%-30% under sub-soiling and 13%-28% under mulched-sowing, water use efficiency was improved, and nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiency was improved significantly. Difference annual precipitation and sub-soiling affected water consumption, nitrogen absorption, utilization, grain yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency of FHS and FM. In humid year under SS, water consumption during growth was increased, nitrogen accumulation from jointing stage to anthesis stage and contribution of leaf nitrogen translocation to grain was increased significantly, and grain yield, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiency was increased significantly under FSH, compared with FM. However, in dry year and humid under no sub-soiling, water consumption during growth was no significantly between FSH and FM, pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount in various organs, contribution of stem+sheath nitrogen translocation to grain, and nitrogen accumulation amount after anthesis, finally grain yield were increased, and nitrogen uptake efficiency was increased significantly improved under FM compared with FSH. In addition, in humid year, pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount in various organs and nitrogen accumulation amount after anthesis was more significantly correlated with 0-120 cm water consumption from sowing stage to jointing stage, 120-300 cm water consumption at jointing stage to anthesis, 180-300 cm water consumption at anthesis to mature; In dry year, pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount in various organs and nitrogen accumulation amount after anthesis was more significantly correlated with 0-100 cm water consumption at sowing stage to jointing stage, 120-240 cm water consumption at jointing stage to anthesis, and 120-300 cm water consumption at anthesis to mature.【Conclusion】In conclusion, sub-soiling during the fallow period, mulched-sowing was not only increased water consumption, but also beneficial to nitrogen accumulation during growth period, ultimately significant improved yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency. Film-mulched soil hole sowing in humid year and film-mulched sowing in dry year increased yield and efficiency of dryland wheat under sub-soiling during the fallow period.

Key words: dryland wheat, sub-soiling during the fallow period, mulched-sowing, water consumption, nitrogen utilization, yield

NianNian LI, Min SUN, ZhiQiang GAO, Juan ZHANG, HuiYu ZHANG, YanFei LIANG, QingShan YANG, ZhenPing YANG, Yan DENG. A Study on the Relationship Between Water Consumption and Nitrogen Absorption, Utilization Under Sub-Soiling During the Fallow Period Plus Mulched-Sowing in Humid and Dry Years of Dryland Wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3455-3469.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Correlation coefficients between soil water consumption in 0-3 m layers and pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation and nitrogen accumulation after anthesis at different growth stage in dryland wheat"

年份 Year	土层 Layer (cm)	播种—拔节STJ				拔节—开花JTA				开花—成熟ATM
年份 Year	土层 Layer (cm)	叶片 Leaf	茎秆 +叶鞘 Stem +sheath	颖壳 +穗轴 Glume +spike	花后积累 NAAA	叶片 Leaf	茎秆 +叶鞘 Stem +sheath	颖壳 +穗轴 Glume +spike	花后积累 NAAA	叶片 Leaf	茎秆 +叶鞘 Stem +sheath	颖壳 +穗轴 Glume +spike	花后积累 NAAA
丰水年 Humid year (2011 -2012)	0-20	0.9607**	0.9908**	0.9823**	0.9946**	-0.7823	-0.7598	-0.7936	-0.6540	-0.0406	-0.2007	-0.1030	-0.2173
	20-40	0.9478**	0.9612**	0.9652**	0.9037**	-0.4652	-0.3371	-0.3651	-0.2114	-0.2805	-0.3690	-0.3001	-0.3336
	40-60	0.9513**	0.9466**	0.9420**	0.9647**	-0.4622	-0.4389	-0.4219	-0.3321	0.0013	-0.0724	0.0075	-0.0377
	60-80	0.9601**	0.9930 **	0.9877**	0.9697**	0.7031	0.6422	0.6930	0.6290	-0.3107	-0.1366	-0.1605	-0.0684
	80-100	0.9682**	0.9643 **	0.9829**	0.9257**	0.7312	0.7798*	0.7535*	0.7049	-0.2980	-0.1567	-0.1711	-0.0908
	100-120	0.8527**	0.7596 *	0.7860*	0.7043	0.8077*	0.8286*	0.8170*	0.7432	0.2957	0.4266	0.3915	0.3780
	120-140	0.3869	0.2280	0.2914	0.2474	0.9663**	0.9861**	0.9919**	0.9551**	0.4018	0.4954	0.4253	0.4646
	140-160	-0.0278	-0.0673	-0.0622	-0.2198	0.9686**	0.9627**	0.9701**	0.9316**	0.6734	0.6885	0.6392	0.6871
	160-180	-0.1960	-0.3599	-0.2644	-0.4900	0.9959**	0.9843**	0.9907**	0.9500**	0.8889*	0.9634**	0.9405**	0.9863**
	180-200	-0.3985	-0.5354	-0.4987	-0.6467	0.9713**	0.9266**	0.9482**	0.9197**	0.9274**	0.9177**	0.9118**	0.9214**
	200-220	-0.5807	-0.6649	-0.6820	-0.6753	0.9440**	0.9263**	0.9239**	0.9119**	0.9450**	0.9854*	0.9619**	0.9795**
	220-240	-0.5655	-0.5975	-0.6331	-0.5755	0.9401**	0.9183**	0.9260**	0.9304**	0.9645**	0.9724**	0.9688**	0.9213**
	240-260	-0.8650*	-0.8096*	-0.8606*	-0.7975*	0.8622*	0.8718*	0.8700*	0.8357*	0.9771**	0.9846**	0.9761**	0.9686**
	260-280	-0.8870**	-0.7892*	-0.8498*	-0.7365*	0.9463**	0.8586*	0.9042**	0.8097*	0.9538**	0.9753**	0.9719**	0.9251**
	280-300	-0.8237*	-0.8000*	-0.7989*	-0.7063*	0.7648*	0.7625*	0.7815*	0.6857	0.9610**	0.9036**	0.9188**	0.8912**
欠水年 Dry year (2012 -2013)	0-20	0.9210**	0.9278**	0.9277**	0.9373**	-0.5310	-0.5555	-0.4957	-0.4874	-0.2262	-0.1998	-0.1354	-0.2252
	20-40	0.9211**	0.9040**	0.9586**	0.9683**	-0.2732	-0.2943	-0.2669	-0.1612	0.0576	0.0763	0.1314	-0.0003
	40-60	0.9692**	0.9677**	0.9568**	0.9771**	0.3756	0.3335	0.4430	0.4995	0.4314	0.4685	0.4980	0.4055
	60-80	0.9121**	0.9224**	0.9294**	0.9174**	0.6591	0.6182	0.7311	0.7886*	0.7459	0.7472	0.6972	0.6058
	80-100	0.9947**	0.9967**	0.9836**	0.9731**	0.6475	0.6220	0.7353	0.7636*	0.6276	0.5800	0.5841	0.5309
	100-120	0.6400	0.6168	0.7007	0.7855*	0.9478**	0.9586**	0.9362**	0.9171**	0.8381*	0.8129*	0.8937**	0.8836**
	120-140	0.5862	0.5638	0.6151	0.7286	0.9412**	0.9660**	0.9199**	0.9093**	0.9442**	0.9426**	0.9389**	0.8850**
	140-160	0.2778	0.2760	0.3507	0.4613	0.9335**	0.9292**	0.9511**	0.9565**	0.9399**	0.9244**	0.9520**	0.9895**
	160-180	-0.7762*	-0.7694*	-0.8199*	-0.8684*	0.9577**	0.9538**	0.9682**	0.9764**	0.9391**	0.9340**	0.9465**	0.9671**
	180-200	-0.8870**	-0.9015**	-0.8987**	-0.9230**	0.9507**	0.9593**	0.9576**	0.9558**	0.9202**	0.9177**	0.9394**	0.9477**
	200-220	-0.8958**	-0.9127**	-0.9295**	-0.9051**	0.9762**	0.9690**	0.9836**	0.9954**	0.9574**	0.9450**	0.9389**	0.9663**
	220-240	-0.8341*	-0.8519*	-0.8719**	-0.8427*	0.8081*	0.7995*	0.8438*	0.9069**	0.9742**	0.9777**	0.9606**	0.9737**
	240-260	-0.7590*	-0.7811*	-0.7973**	-0.7003	0.3282	0.2575	0.3195	0.4393	0.9730**	0.9777**	0.9887**	0.9715**
	260-280	-0.8277*	-0.8427*	-0.8169*	-0.7388	-0.5553	-0.5149	-0.6192	-0.5579	0.9715**	0.9503**	0.9536**	0.9453**
	280-300	-0.7911	-0.8061	-0.7419	-0.6649	-0.6390	-0.6586	-0.6107	-0.4762	0.9280**	0.9226**	0.8973**	0.9175**
欠水年 Dry year (2015 -2016)	0-20	0.9590**	0.9777**	0.9878**	0.9701**	-0.1653	-0.1741	-0.1191	-0.0585	0.7893	0.8348	0.8845	0.8652
	20-40	0.9422**	0.9443**	0.9615**	0.9263**	0.4818	0.5142	0.5158	0.3691	0.7150	0.6486	0.5899	0.4373
	40-60	0.8911**	0.9051**	0.9380**	0.9445*	0.7549*	0.7723*	0.7667*	0.5694	0.7294	0.6783	0.6776	0.6657
	60-80	0.9753**	0.9821**	0.9927**	0.9501**	0.8193*	0.8260*	0.8000*	0.5870	0.5033	0.5511	0.6275	0.7870*
	80-100	0.9325**	0.9476**	0.9732**	0.9900**	0.8491*	0.8777**	0.8726*	0.7041*	0.5754	0.6279	0.6909	0.8235**
	100-120	0.9333**	0.9398**	0.9601**	0.9881**	0.9762**	0.9756**	0.9778**	0.9028**	0.7755*	0.8240*	0.8653*	0.8587**
	120-140	0.9103**	0.8858**	0.8873**	0.8411**	0.9213**	0.9403**	0.9299**	0.8575*	0.9541**	0.9722**	0.9820**	0.9113**
	140-160	0.6714	0.6079	0.5956	0.6230	0.9603**	0.9813**	0.9813**	0.9029**	0.9221**	0.9407**	0.9359**	0.9165**
	160-180	-0.1822	-0.2586	-0.3570	-0.4491	0.9543**	0.9741**	0.9854**	0.9303**	0.9201**	0.9496**	0.9616**	0.8963**
	180-200	-0.7140	-0.7372	-0.7912*	-0.8516*	0.9506**	0.9499**	0.9593**	0.9254**	0.9487**	0.9551**	0.9463**	0.8256*
	200-220	-0.8581*	-0.8421*	-0.8570*	-0.8390*	0.9167**	0.9430**	0.9707**	0.9885**	0.9537**	0.9660**	0.9697**	0.9142**
	220-240	-0.8342*	-0.8297*	-0.8559*	-0.7978*	0.9559**	0.9753**	0.9893**	0.9270**	0.9608**	0.9766**	0.9743**	0.8903**
	240-260	-0.8547*	-0.8401*	-0.8632*	-0.9262**	0.7146	0.6672	0.6278	0.5764	0.9512**	0.9543**	0.9663**	0.9673**
	260-280	-0.8330*	-0.8294*	-0.8439*	-0.9449**	0.7410	0.7452	0.7795	0.9077	0.9652**	0.9814**	0.9796**	0.9109**
	280-300	-0.9362**	-0.9288**	-0.8926**	-0.8294*	0.7061	0.7073	0.7325	0.8912	0.9236**	0.9529**	0.9739**	0.9110**

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

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年份 Year	休闲期 Fallow period	播种—越冬 SS-WS	越冬—拔节 WS-JS	拔节—开花 JS-AS	开花—成熟 AS-MS	总计 Total
2002-2016	281.8±14.7	58.8±12.4	28.5±6.8	47.9±10.3	61.0±11.7	483.4±14.6
2009-2010	173.1	64.5	12.6	33.9	50.9	335.0
2010-2011	401.5	27.1	19.1	22.2	64.8	534.7
2011-2012	459.9	123.6	28.7	19.1	30.6	661.9
2012-2013	188.4	32.8	22.4	12.0	100.1	355.7
2013-2014	288.2	43.7	23.1	104.0	30.7	489.7
2014-2015	365.6	21.5	50.8	61.2	17.6	516.7
2015-2016	94.7	69.0	11.0	57.1	122.8	386.8

年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen(mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)
2011—2012	8.72	0.65	40.16	19.87
2012—2013	11.88	0.72	38.62	14.61
2015—2016	9.27	0.86	41.31	10.25

年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	播种—拔节STJ		拔节—开花JTA		开花—成熟ATM
年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	耗水量 Amount (mm)	所占比例 Ratio (%)	耗水量 Amount (mm)	所占比例 Ratio (%)	耗水量 Amount(mm)	所占比例 Ratio (%)
丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012)	SS	FSH	120.50b	25.39d	193.31a	40.74a	160.70a	33.87a
		FM	119.03b	25.97d	184.75b	40.31a	154.54b	33.72a
		DS	126.68a	30.04b	165.50c	39.25b	139.47d	30.71b
	NT	FSH	121.86b	29.88b	158.09d	38.77b	140.86d	31.35ab
		FM	117.84b	27.83c	166.14c	39.23b	149.04c	32.94ab
		DS	130.70a	33.48a	145.33e	37.22c	124.40e	29.30b
欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013)	SS	FSH	90.95bc	25.32c	148.04b	41.21a	120.23b	33.47b
		FM	82.93c	22.34d	153.93a	41.47a	134.35a	36.19a
		DS	104.35a	30.79b	135.34b	39.15b	105.98c	30.06c
	NT	FSH	88.93bc	29.64b	117.78c	39.25b	93.33d	31.11c
		FM	84.19c	26.75c	124.79b	39.65b	105.78c	33.61b
		DS	95.48ab	33.42a	109.12d	37.39c	88.92e	29.19d
欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016)	SS	FSH	100.92ab	27.23c	142.03b	38.32a	123.98b	34.45b
		FM	99.64b	24.40d	153.78a	39.20a	138.87a	36.40a
		DS	102.54a	30.11b	127.31d	37.39b	110.65c	32.50c
	NT	FSH	101.63ab	30.70b	121.80d	36.20b	107.56d	32.50c
		FM	99.05b	27.57c	131.55c	37.94b	116.13c	34.49b
		DS	102.50a	34.82a	106.98e	34.30c	93.57e	30.88d

年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	播种—拔节STJ		拔节—开花JTA		开花—成熟ATM
年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	吸氮量 N absorption (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	吸氮量 N absorption (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	吸氮量 N absorption (kg·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012)	SS	FSH	59.43a	28.59bc	112.21a	53.99a	36.19a	17.41d
		FM	58.74a	29.85abc	102.30b	51.99ab	35.74a	18.16d
		DS	51.59b	30.13ab	86.34c	50.44b	33.26b	19.43c
	NT	FSH	43.47d	29.15bc	74.60d	50.03b	31.04c	20.82b
		FM	47.72c	28.56c	85.49c	51.18ab	33.86b	20.26bc
		DS	40.04e	30.79 a	59.58e	45.81c	30.41c	23.40a
欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013)	SS	FSH	36.82a	31.42ab	57.06b	48.68b	23.32a	19.90bc
		FM	37.92a	29.43b	66.66a	51.74a	24.27a	18.83c
		DS	32.86b	32.36a	46.80c	46.09c	21.88b	21.55ab
	NT	FSH	28.95c	31.88ab	41.89d	46.13c	19.97bc	21.99ab
		FM	31.56b	29.05b	55.23b	50.84a	21.85b	20.11bc
		DS	26.15d	32.71a	35.28e	44.12d	18.53c	23.17a
欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016)	SS	FSH	30.78b	28.11ab	56.23b	51.35a	22.50a	20.54b
		FM	33.78a	27.97b	63.77a	52.80a	23.23a	19.23b
		DS	29.56bc	29.50a	48.96c	48.87b	21.67b	21.63ab
	NT	FSH	26.76c	29.21a	45.11d	49.24ab	19.73c	21.54ab
		FM	30.32b	28.33ab	54.84b	51.25a	21.86b	20.42b
		DS	24.28d	30.10a	37.30e	46.25c	19.08c	23.65a

年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	花前各器官运转量PANT						花后积累 NAAA
			叶片Leaf		茎秆+叶鞘Stem+sheath		颖壳+穗轴Glume+spike		花后积累 NAAA
			运转量 TA (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 CP (%)	运转量 TA (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 CP (%)	运转量 TA (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 CP (%)	运转量 TA (kg·hm^-2)	贡献率 CP (%)
丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012)	SS	FSH	35.28a	20.19a	70.43a	40.31ab	32.83a	18.79a	36.19a	20.71f
		FM	31.02b	19.07b	67.65b	41.59a	28.27b	17.38a	35.74a	21.97e
		DS	24.97c	18.00c	57.14c	41.21a	23.30c	16.80b	33.26b	23.99d
	NT	FSH	21.64e	18.10c	47.71d	39.90b	19.18d	16.04b	31.04c	25.96b
		FM	25.02c	18.40c	56.09c	41.25a	22.91c	16.85b	31.95c	23.50c
		DS	17.41f	17.07d	40.30e	39.51b	13.86e	13.59c	30.41c	29.83a
欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013)	SS	FSH	17.46b	19.21a	37.11b	40.83b	13.00b	14.30a	23.32a	25.66c
		FM	19.07a	19.98a	42.60a	42.39a	14.55a	14.48a	24.27a	24.15d
		DS	14.55c	18.85a	30.80c	39.90b	9.98d	12.92b	21.88b	28.33b
	NT	FSH	12.97d	18.75a	27.93d	40.35b	8.35e	12.05b	19.97bc	28.85b
		FM	16.56b	19.36a	35.90b	41.97a	11.22c	13.12b	21.85b	25.55c
		DS	10.68e	18.44a	22.35e	38.59c	6.48f	11.18c	18.53c	31.79a
欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016)	SS	FSH	17.89b	18.74a	41.70b	43.67b	13.39b	14.03a	22.50a	23.56c
		FM	20.76a	18.83a	50.04a	45.37a	16.25a	14.74a	23.23a	21.07d
		DS	14.60d	18.54a	31.55d	41.06c	10.93c	13.87b	21.67b	27.52b
	NT	FSH	13.25d	18.20a	30.33d	41.69c	9.45c	12.99b	19.73bc	27.12b
		FM	16.30c	18.47a	37.99c	43.03b	12.14b	13.75b	21.86b	24.76c
		DS	11.24e	17.76a	25.18e	39.80d	7.78d	12.29c	19.08c	30.15a

A Study on the Relationship Between Water Consumption and Nitrogen Absorption, Utilization Under Sub-Soiling During the Fallow Period Plus Mulched-Sowing in Humid and Dry Years of Dryland Wheat

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年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	氮素吸收效率 NUP (kg·kg^-1)	氮素收获指数 NHI	氮素利用效率 NUE (kg·kg^-1)	氮素生产效率 NPE (kg·kg^-1)
丰水年 Humid year (2011-2012)	SS	FHS	6854.35a	14.45a	1.39a	0.84a	32.98ab	45.70a
		FM	6194.60b	13.52b	1.31b	0.83a	31.48bc	41.30b
		DS	5576.45c	12.03c	1.14c	0.81ab	32.58b	37.18c
	NT	FHS	5246.85d	11.27d	0.99d	0.80ab	35.19a	34.98d
		FM	5324.85d	11.88cd	1.11c	0.81ab	31.87bc	35.50d
		DS	4120.60e	10.05e	0.87e	0.78b	31.69bc	27.47e
欠水年 Dry year (2012-2013)	SS	FHS	3308.89b	9.20b	0.78b	0.78a	28.19bc	22.03b
		FM	3713.96a	10.01a	0.86a	0.79a	28.82b	24.76a
		DS	2991.45c	8.65c	0.68d	0.76a	29.46ab	19.94c
	NT	FHS	2709.22d	9.03c	0.61e	0.76a	29.83ab	18.06d
		FM	2856.15cd	9.07c	0.72c	0.78a	26.29c	19.04cd
		DS	2473.42e	8.10d	0.53f	0.72a	30.93a	16.49e
欠水年 Dry year (2015-2016)	SS	FHS	4185.34b	11.29b	0.80b	0.79ab	34.77a	27.90b
		FM	4739.86a	12.08a	0.90a	0.81a	35.02a	31.60a
		DS	3773.35c	10.79c	0.70c	0.75bc	35.98a	25.16c
	NT	FHS	3532.75d	10.66c	0.66c	0.74bc	35.90a	23.52d
		FM	4084.38b	11.78b	0.76b	0.78ab	35.87a	27.23b
		DS	3004.89e	9.92d	0.60d	0.70c	33.28b	20.03e

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年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	投入Input			收入 Income	纯收益 Return
年份 Year	耕作 Tillage	播种方式 Sowing method	耕作Tillage	播种Sow	地膜Plastic	收入 Income	纯收益 Return
丰水年 Humid year (2011 -2012)	SS	FHS	750	675	1125	16450.44	11807.44
		FM	750	675	450	14867.04	10899.04
		DS	0	525	0	13383.48	10765.48
	NT	FHS	750	675	1125	12592.44	7949.44
		FM	750	675	450	12779.64	8811.64
		DS	0	525	0	9889.44	7271.44
欠水年 Dry year (2012 -2013)	SS	FHS	750	675	1125	7929.36	3286.36
		FM	750	675	450	8913.50	4945.50
		DS	0	525	0	7179.48	4561.48
	NT	FHS	750	675	1125	6502.13	1859.13
		FM	750	675	450	6854.76	2886.76
		DS	0	525	0	5936.21	3318.21
欠水年 Dry year (2015 -2016)	SS	FHS	750	675	1125	10044.82	5401.82
		FM	750	675	450	11375.66	7407.66
		DS	0	525	0	9056.03	6438.03
	NT	FHS	750	675	1125	8469.00	3826.00
		FM	750	675	450	9802.52	5834.52
		DS	0	525	0	7211.74	5021.74