番茄果实果脐大小性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.05.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study was conducted to perform a genetic analysis of tomato blossom-end scar size, with the aim of enhancing selection efficiency for this trait, accelerating the breeding process for small scar tomatoes, and laying a foundation for discovering key genes controlling blossom-end scar size and the genetic improvement of tomato varieties.【Method】 A small blossom-end scar line (P₁) was crossed with a large blossom-end scar line (P₂) to obtain F₁. The F₁ was self-pollinated and backcrossed with both parents to generate F₂, BC₁P₁and BC₁P₂populations. Blossom-end scar size and blossom-end scar index were evaluated across the six generations during the red ripening period of fruits. Genetic analysis was performed using the major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model. The SEA software was employed to fit 24 potential genetic models. Candidate models were selected based on the maximum likelihood value (MLV) and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), and the optimal genetic model was determined by integrating the results of the Smirnov test, Kolmogorov test, and homogeneity test. Finally, based on the optimal model, the least squares method was used to estimate genetic parameters, including additive effects, dominance effects, epistatic effects, as well as major gene heritability and polygene heritability.【Result】 The differences in blossom-end scar size between the parental lines were extremely significant. At 55 days after the peak flowering period, the average blossom-end scar size and scar index of the large blossom-end scar parent (P₂) were 9.44 times and 8.29 times greater than those of the small blossom-end scar parent (P₁), respectively. The average blossom-end scar size and blossom-end scar index of the F₁ population were intermediate between the two parental lines. The BC₁P₁, BC₁P₂ and F₂populations exhibited continuous variation in both blossom-end scar size and blossom-end scar index, with a wide range of variability and coefficients of variation ranging from 61.2% to 87.4%. The frequency distribution of the F₂ population showed a continuous skewed normal distribution. Genetic model analysis suggested that the optimal model for tomato fruit blossom-end scar size was a mixed two major gene plus polygene inheritance model with additive-dominance-epistatic effects (MX2-ADI-ADI). The heritability of major genes in the F₂population was 93.05%, while the polygenic heritability was 4.68%. The two major genes mainly control this trait through negative additive effects. In terms of dominance, the first major gene tended to decrease the fruit blossom-end scar size, whereas the second major gene tended to increase it. These two genes showed partial dominance, with the second having a stronger dominant effect. Additive × additive and dominance × additive interactions increased blossom-end scar size, whereas dominance × dominance and additive × dominance interactions decreased it. 【Conclusion】 Tomato blossom-end scar size is a quantitative trait principally controlled by two major genes.

Key words: tomato, blossom-end scar size, quantitative trait, major gene plus polygene model, genetic analysis

WU YuanYuan, LÜ ShuWen, ZHANG ZiJun, WANG Tao, ZHANG YiMing, BU LingChao, ZOU QingDao, JIANG Jing. Mixed Major Gene+Polygene Genetic Analysis of Blossom-End Scar Size in Tomato Fruit[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(5): 1060-1069.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Table 3

Table 4

The adaptability test results of candidate models for two methods"

方法 Method	模型 Model code	世代 Generation	均匀性检验 U₁²	均匀性检验 U₂²	均匀性检验 U₃²	Smirnov检验 _nW²	Kolmogorov检验 D_n
果脐大小 BSS	MX2-ADI-ADI	P₁	0.0005(0.9817)	0.0009(0.9766)	0.0008(0.9775)	0.0202(0.9968)	0.0577(1.0000)
		P₂	0.0059(0.9389)	0.0282(0.8667)	0.1402(0.7081)	0.0480(0.8886)	0.0693(1.0000)
		F₁	0.0275(0.8682)	0.0001(0.9934)	0.3716(0.5421)	0.0833(0.6848)	0.0493(1.0000)
		BC₁P₁	0.8099(0.3682)	0.8147(0.3667)	0.0156(0.9005)	0.3225(0.1231)	0.0156(1.0000)
		BC₁P₂	0.0192(0.8898)	0.0171(0.8959)	1.1236(0.2891)	0.0768(0.7204)	0.0075(1.0000)
		F₂	0.2130(0.6444)	0.1860(0.6663)	0.0039(0.9501)	0.2437(0.2019)	0.0008(1.0000)
	MX2-ADI-AD	P₁	1.2662(0.2605)	1.0631(0.3025)	0.0547(0.8152)	0.1404(0.4227)	0.0861(1.0000)
		P₂	0.0087(0.9255)	0.0000(0.9957)	0.1162(0.7332)	0.0455(0.9028)	0.0773(1.0000)
		F₁	0.5765(0.4477)	0.2815(0.5957)	0.6701(0.4130)	0.1504(0.3899)	0.0653(0.9999)
		BC₁P₁	0.4957(0.4814)	0.1159(0.7335)	1.8633(0.1722)	0.2503(0.1937)	0.0274(1.0000)
		BC₁P₂	1.9829(0.1591)	1.7068(0.1914)	0.0520(0.8197)	0.3277(0.1191)	0.0094(1.0000)
		F₂	2.0100(0.1563)	0.9546(0.3286)	2.5051(0.1135)	1.2463(0.0007)**	0.0007(1.0000)
果脐指数 BSI	MX2-ADI-ADI	P₁	0.0010(0.9753)	0.0017(0.9671)	0.0813(0.7756)	0.0307(0.9738)	0.0544(1.0000)
		P₂	0.0544(0.8156)	0.0474(0.8277)	0.0011(0.9739)	0.0490(0.8827)	0.0641(1.0000)
		F₁	0.0043(0.9477)	0.0197(0.8883)	0.0949(0.7581)	0.0679(0.7705)	0.0435(1.0000)
		BC₁P₁	0.8602(0.3537)	0.5100(0.4751)	0.5412(0.4619)	0.3984(0.0759)	0.0153(1.0000)
		BC₁P₂	0.0300(0.8625)	0.0525(0.8188)	2.5196(0.1124)	0.0973(0.6096)	0.0337(1.0000)
		F₂	0.2850(0.5934)	0.3294(0.5660)	0.0521(0.8195)	0.2569(0.1857)	0.0010(1.0000)
	MX2-ADI-AD	P₁	0.0520(1.0000)	0.0325(0.9672)	0.0227(0.8801)	0.0468(0.8287)	0.0793(0.7782)
		P₂	0.0675(1.0000)	0.0412(0.9268)	0.0095(0.9223)	0.0103(0.9193)	0.0008(0.9780)
		F₁	0.0350(1.0000)	0.1015(0.5881)	0.2569(0.6123)	0.3525(0.5527)	0.1696(0.6805)
		BC₁P₁	0.0234(1.0000)	0.1611(0.3584)	0.1204(0.7286)	0.0061(0.9377)	2.7443(0.0976)
		BC₁P₂	0.0066(1.0000)	0.2766(0.1643)	0.3823(0.5364)	0.2223(0.6373)	0.2588(0.6109)
		F₂	0.0010(1.0000)	1.3033(0.0005)**	2.5591(0.1097)	1.6824(0.1946)	1.0149(0.3137)
	MX2-A-AD	P₁	0.1000(0.9996)	3.3304(0.0003)**	29.9798(0.0000)**	49.9495(0.0000)**	49.899(0.0000)**
		P₂	0.0933(0.9999)	0.3354(0.1134)	3.4678(0.0626)	3.3027(0.0692)	0.0033(0.9545)
		F₁	0.0476(1.0000)	5.2353(0.0025)**	49.9167(0.0000)**	75.7528(0.0000)**	55.5194(0.0000)**
		BC₁P₁	0.0110(1.0000)	0.3714(0.0901)	0.6817(0.409)	0.0031(0.9558)	8.8552(0.0029)**
		BC₁P₂	0.0755(0.7296)	0.1251(0.4803)	0.0003(0.9864)	0.0183(0.8924)	0.3684(0.5439)
		F₂	0.0010(1.0000)	2.0633(0.0000)**	7.3314(0.0068)**	4.9253(0.0265)*	2.5906(0.1075)

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

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世代 Generation	最大值 Maximum (mm)	最小值 Minimum (mm)	平均值 Mean (mm)	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	偏度 Skewness	峰度 Kurtosis
P₁	1.2	0.8	1.0	0.1	15.2	0.122	-0.379
P₂	10.9	7.5	9.2	1.1	12.4	-0.191	-1.291
F₁	4.6	3.2	3.9	0.4	10.6	0.267	-1.124
BC₁P₁	11.3	1.2	3.5	2.3	66.0	1.534	2.059
BC₁P₂	19.0	1.1	7.1	4.6	65.8	0.779	-0.433
F₂	24.0	0.7	6.0	5.3	87.4	1.364	1.174

世代Generation	最大值Maximum	最小值Minimum	平均值Mean	标准差SD	变异系数CV (%)	偏度Skewness	峰度Kurtosis
P₁	1.8	1.2	1.5	0.2	13.3	0.121	-1.083
P₂	16.0	9.6	12.2	2.0	16.5	0.754	-0.370
F₁	6.0	4.4	5.1	0.5	9.4	-0.056	-0.860
BC₁P₁	16.5	1.7	5.3	3.3	61.7	1.291	1.337
BC₁P₂	20.3	1.5	8.1	5.0	61.2	0.772	-0.343
F₂	33.8	1.0	7.4	6.0	81.1	1.410	1.664

模型 Model code	模型意义 Model implication	果脐大小BSS		果脐指数BSI
模型 Model code	模型意义 Model implication	极大似然值 Maximum likelihood value	AIC值 AIC value	极大似然值Maximum likelihood value	AIC值 AIC value
A-1	1MG-AD	-3671.2871	7350.5742	-3631.8838	7271.7677
A-2	1MG-A	-3630.0267	7266.0535	-3740.9917	7487.9833
A-3	1MG-EAD	-3348.2441	6702.4882	-3541.2858	7088.5716
A-4	1MG-AEND	-3585.3170	7176.6340	-3736.0471	7478.0942
B-1	2MG-ADI	-4010.0772	8040.1543	-3758.8838	7537.7675
B-2	2MG-AD	-3597.3140	7206.6279	-3601.1417	7214.2833
B-3	2MG-A	-3858.7825	7725.5651	-3925.1470	7858.2939
B-4	2MG-EA	-3614.6217	7235.2435	-3721.9482	7449.8964
B-5	2MG-AED	-4014.7516	8037.5033	-3620.2142	7248.4283
B-6	2MG-EEAD	-3994.1598	7994.3195	-3756.9094	7519.8188
C-0	PG-ADI	-3482.3412	6984.6824	-3658.7715	7337.5429
C-1	PG-AD	-3518.5710	7051.1421	-3678.3726	7370.7451
D-0	MX1-AD-ADI	-3277.3668	6578.7336	-3493.8351	7011.6701
D-1	MX1-AD-AD	-3343.6342	6705.2685	-3540.1682	7098.3365
D-2	MX1-A-AD	-3501.3004	7018.6008	-3670.8361	7357.6722
D-3	MX1-EAD-AD	-3455.0475	6926.0951	-3558.5083	7133.0166
D-4	MX1-AEND-AD	-3516.3418	7048.6837	-3677.7386	7371.4773
E-0	MX2-ADI-ADI	-3126.9814	6289.9628	-3380.5097	6797.0195
E-1	MX2-ADI-AD	-3205.2282	6440.4563	-3436.7827	6903.5655
E-2	MX2-AD-AD	-3406.8472	6835.6943	-3514.5103	7051.0206
E-3	MX2-A-AD	-4095.1183	8208.2365	-3483.0877	6984.1754
E-4	MX2-EA-AD	-3517.8101	7051.6203	-3678.2384	7372.4768
E-5	MX2-AED-AD	-3406.9183	6831.8366	-3514.6131	7047.2261
E-6	MX2-EEAD-AD	-3465.0335	6946.0670	-3540.0679	7096.1357

方法 Method	一阶遗传参数1st order parameter
方法 Method	d_a	d_b	h_a	h_b	i	l	j_ab	j_ba	h_a/d_a	h_b/d_b
果脐大小BSS	-4.5826	-4.5826	-0.6656	1.6842	4.5296	-1.8193	-1.6922	0.6575	0.15	-0.37
果脐指数BSI	-5.3741	-5.3741	-0.9316	1.7358	5.3011	-1.7515	-1.7427	0.9247	0.17	-0.32

二阶遗传参数 2nd order parameter	方法Method
	果脐大小BSS			果脐指数BSI
	BC₁P₁	BC₁P₂	F₂	BC₁P₁	BC₁P₂	F₂
σ²_mg	3.3719	20.9380	26.1250	6.0629	22.1673	33.5117
σ²_pg	1.5902	1.4540	1.2564	3.8923	1.5904	1.7569
h²_mg (%)	62.77	91.83	94.00	54.76	89.12	92.10
h²_pg (%)	29.60	6.38	4.52	35.15	6.39	4.83
E (%)	7.63	1.79	1.48	10.09	4.49	3.07

Mixed Major Gene+Polygene Genetic Analysis of Blossom-End Scar Size in Tomato Fruit

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