Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (19): 4250-4262.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.005

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Diversified Crop Rotation on Soil Microbial Community Characteristics and Co-Occurrence Network

WANG LuYing(), YANG Jie, LU HaiTao, WANG Xin, ZHAO YingLong, YANG Jie, WANG GuiYan()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding 071000, Hebei
  • Received:2026-03-12 Accepted:2026-06-09 Online:2026-10-01 Published:2026-10-10
  • Contact: WANG GuiYan

Abstract:

【Objective】This study investigated the effects of different rotation patterns on soil microbial community characteristics and co-occurrence networks, providing a theoretical basis for improving the soil microenvironment and enhancing the stability and stress resistance of soil ecosystems.【Method】In the North China Plain, winter wheat-summer maize double-cropping continuous cropping (WMWM) was used as the control, and three rotation patterns were established: spring sweet potato-winter wheat-summer maize rotation (SPWM), spring peanut-winter wheat-summer maize rotation (PWM), and spring millet-winter wheat-summer maize rotation (MWM). Based on a 6-year field positioning experiment, amplicon sequencing, random forest, and other methods were used to systematically analyze the effects of different rotation systems on soil microbial diversity, community composition, and co-occurrence networks, as well as their relationships with soil properties and yield.【Result】Among them, the bacterial ACE index under SPWM was significantly increased by 22.8% compared with the control; the fungal ACE index under MWM was significantly increased by 52.2% compared with the control; and the bacterial and fungal Simpson and Shannon indices under PWM and MWM were all significantly increased compared with WMWM. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that diversified crop rotation changed soil microbial community structure and formed relatively unique microbial communities. Rotation increased the relative abundances of dominant bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and dominant fungi such as Ascomycota and Glomeromycota. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria under PWM and MWM increased by 12.8% and 14.0%, respectively, compared with the control; the relative abundances of Ascomycota and Glomeromycota under SPWM, PWM, and MWM were significantly increased by 34.9%, 42.7%, and 46.2%, respectively, compared with the control. Meanwhile, rotation increased the number of nodes in the microbial co-occurrence network, increased the average clustering coefficient and modularity, and elevated the proportion of positive interactions. Correlation analysis showed that bacterial diversity, community structure, and co-occurrence networks were significantly correlated with soil total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and organic carbon, while fungal diversity, community structure, and co-occurrence networks were significantly correlated with soil total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and microbial biomass nitrogen. The random forest prediction model indicated that ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, fungal community abundance, fungal diversity, and fungal co-occurrence network were key factors affecting yield.【Conclusion】Diversified crop rotations with winter wheat-summer maize optimize soil microbial community structure and improve microbial co-occurrence network structure, thereby effectively enhancing the stability and complexity of the soil ecosystem, and can provide a theoretical basis for improving the stability and stress resistance of arable soil ecosystems.

Key words: diversified rotation, soil microbial diversity, soil microbial community, microbial co-occurrence network, soil physicochemical properties

Table 1

The α diversity index of soil microbial community under different treatments"

处理
Treatment
丰富度指数Richness index 多样性指数Diversity index
ACE Chao1 Simpson Shannon
细菌
Bacteria
WMWM 5221.6±46.12c 5199.8±158.68b 0.997±0.0002b 10.2±0.13b
SPWM 6411.7±70.69a 6010.2±167.58a 0.998±0.00006a 10.5±0.01a
PWM 5970.6±57.62b 5577.0±327.35ab 0.998±0.00009a 10.5±0.01a
MWM 6036.4±63.34b 6018.5±45.08a 0.998±0.00003a 10.5±0.03a
真菌
Fungi
WMWM 176.3±2.53d 173.1±3.62d 0.982±0.0008b 6.4±0.05c
SPWM 330.9±4.65b 324.3±3.69b 0.983±0.003ab 7.0±0.04b
PWM 309.0±3.80c 279.5±6.58c 0.988±0.0005a 7.1±0.05b
MWM 369.1±9.44a 365.9±3.96a 0.988±0.001a 7.3±0.04a

Fig. 1

PCA analysis of soil microbial bacterial (A) and fungal (B) communities under different treatments"

Fig. 2

Relative abundance of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) communities at the phylum level"

Fig. 3

Co-occurrence network analysis of soil bacteria (A) and fungi (B) communities in different rotation patterns A: Bacterial co-occurrence network; B: Fungal co-occurrence network"

Table 2

Effect of crop rotation on topological characteristics of microbial network"

处理
Treatment
细菌Bacteria 真菌Fungi
WMWM SPWM PWM MWM WMWM SPWM PWM MWM
节点Node 48 62 69 80 41 51 59 62
模组化Modularization 0.27 0.45 0.66 0.62 0.52 0.40 0.59 0.63
平均聚类系数Average clustering coefficient 0.24 0.20 0.35 0.15 0.33 0.20 0.36 0.31
平均度数Average degree 1.50 1.61 2.08 1.25 2.50 1.96 1.72 1.61
密度Density 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.03
平均加权度Average weighted degree 8.70 9.65 12.50 7.50 15.00 11.77 10.35 9.68
正向链接Positive link (%) 66 50 45 46 49 47 50 54
负向链接Negative link (%) 34 50 55 54 51 53 50 46

Table 3

Soil physicochemical properties and summer maize biomass and yield under different rotation models"

处理
Treatment
全氮
Total nitrogen (g·kg-1)
铵态氮
Ammonium nitrogen (mg·kg-1)
硝态氮
Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg-1)
pH 有机碳
Organic carbon (g·kg-1)
速效磷
Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)
速效钾
Available potassium (mg·kg-1)
微生物
生物量碳
Microbial biomass carbon (mg·kg-1)
微生物
生物量氮
Microbial biomass nitrogen (mg·kg-1)
生物量
Biomass (kg·hm-2)
产量
Yield (kg·hm-2)
WMWM 1.25±
0.01c
2.23±
0.06c
28.79±
0.45c
7.55±
0.03b
11.9±
0.36c
39.62±
0.05c
122.74±
0.74c
130.64±
1.84d
31.79±
0.62c
18666.86±
151.74d
8773.43±
71.32d
SPWM 1.38±
0.04b
3.77±
0.35b
34.82±
0.20b
7.43±
0.01c
14.76±
0.19a
43.17±
0.50b
132.69±
1.07b
166.34±
1.52b
34.82±
0.20b
20936.11±
69.96b
9839.97±
32.88b
PWM 1.49±
0.03ab
3.83±
0.15b
35.64±
0.27b
7.07±
0.01d
12.87±
0.53bc
45.74±
0.22a
132.63±
1.00b
149.06±
1.39c
38.23±
0.40a
21400.86±
138.93a
10058.41±
65.30a
MWM 1.41±
0.02a
4.85±
0.09a
38.14±
0.39a
7.69±
0.03a
13.46±
0.29b
43.47±
0.25b
146.39±
1.19a
181.84±
2.74a
34.3±
0.34b
19657.68±
102.56c
9239.11±
48.21c

Fig. 4

Correlation analysis between soil properties and microbial communities and diversity of bacteria (A) and fungi (B) *denotes P<0.05, **denotes P<0.01. BCN: Bacterial co-occurrence network FCN: Fungal co-occurrence network"

Fig. 5

Ranking of the characteristic importance of random forest models for summer maize yield"

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