Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (13): 2682-2692.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.13.014

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research Progress on the Function of Bovine Thyroid Gene and Its Correlation with Environmental Adaptability

LI Hao1(), TIAN YuYang1, ZHANG ZiMing1, CAO YiFan1, CIREN LuoBu2, NIMA CangJue2, DANZENG LuoSang2, LEI ChuZhao1, BASANG ZhuZha2(), CHEN NingBo1()   

  1. 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi
    2 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences Medicine, Lhasa 850009
  • Received:2025-01-20 Accepted:2025-05-29 Online:2025-07-01 Published:2025-07-05

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Abstract:

The thyroid gland is an important endocrine organ in cattle that plays a biological role by secreting thyroid hormone (TH), which promotes nutrient metabolism, growth and development, improves neural function; and regulates physiological functions. The multifunctionality of the thyroid gland is indispensable for maintaining a healthy body in animals and has a profound impact on their growth, development and environmental adaptation. The genetic background of Chinese yellow cattle is complex, and after long-term hybridization and selection in various regions, at least 58 local breeds have been formed. During the spread of Chinese yellow cattle, they faced diverse geographical and ecological environments, and their genomes continuously microevolved to adapt to different environments. Among these genes, thyroid-related genes may play important roles in adaptation. This article reviews the research progress on the regulatory functions of the thyroid and related genetic variations from the perspectives of animal physiology and genomics. First, the thyroid gland dynamically regulates TH levels through negative feedback regulation and then regulates animal development, metabolism, rhythm and reproductive function. The thyroid signal is highly sensitive to environmental influences and can respond accordingly, such as increasing heat production under cold conditions, reducing heat production under hot conditions, and regulating immunity and nerve cells to resist diseases and other adverse factors. The process from TH synthesis to its function is complex. Many genes are involved in the regulation of this process, and the genetic variation of some genes has an impact on the health and performance of animals. In recent years, research on the bovine genome has developed rapidly, with in-depth discussions on the origin, production, and stress resistance traits of cattle. With increasing research on the bovine genome, more new functions of bovine thyroid-related genes have been discovered. Thyroid-related genes affect key traits such as growth, metabolism, and environmental adaptation in cattle. For example, the DUOXA2 gene is involved in calcium regulation in dairy cows and in the high-altitude adaptation of Tibetan cattle, and its Leu20Pro variation has a potential impact on yellow cattle in the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau. The TG gene is one of the key regulatory genes related to beef cattle production traits, with three SNPs associated with sexual maturity in bulls, which can significantly reduce the age of sexual maturity in bulls. Finally, this paper highlights the potential of genome resequencing technology and single-nucleus RNA and chromatin accessibility sequencing technology for exploring the genetic variations of thyroid related genes. The feasibility of these two technologies is demonstrated from aspects such as cost, functionality, and application examples. Genome resequencing can identify various types of variant sites and pinpoint key variants on the basis of selection signals. Single-nucleus RNA and chromatin accessibility sequencing technology can be used to investigate the gene expression differences within each cell under different environmental conditions and at various developmental stages, facilitating the verification of the mechanisms of action of key regulatory genes. Hence, delving into the functions of bovine thyroid-related genes and their genetic variations linked to growth and environmental adaptability is pivotal for revealing novel genes associated with important economic traits and stress resistance in cattle. This paper introduces the regulatory mechanism of the thyroid gland and the effects of thyroid-related genes on the growth, metabolism, biological rhythm regulation, reproductive function and environmental adaptation of livestock, and proposes new technologies that can be used for thyroid research in the future to provide a reference for future research on thyroid function and cattle breeding.

Key words: thyroid, cattle, genes, growth traits, environmental adaptation

Fig. 1

Thyroid responses to environmental stimuli and regulatory mechanisms"

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