Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (13): 2504-2521.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.13.002

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characterization of Maize Germplasm Resistance to Common Smut and Analysis of Physiological Differences

LI XiangYu1(), LIU JianZhuo1, HU DanDan1, LIU GengYu1, CHEN LiangYu1, LI Bing2,3, DU WanLi1, SONG Bo1,2,3,4()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866
    2 East Asia Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110164,
    3 State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-Breeding, Shenyang 110164
    4 Affiliated Experimental Farm, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866
  • Received:2025-01-20 Accepted:2025-03-03 Online:2025-07-01 Published:2025-07-05

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Abstract:

【Objective】 Common smut (Mycosarcoma maydis) is a major fungal disease affecting maize production in China. This study aimed to screen for resistant germplasm resources and analyze their physiological and biochemical responses to pathogen infection, providing scientific support for disease resistance breeding. 【Method】 A total of 425 maize germplasm resources were selected and systematically screened for their resistance to common smut. Sugar metabolism, oxidative stress responses, and photosynthetic parameters were analyzed to identify high-resistant, moderate-resistant, and susceptible inbred lines. WGA-AF488/PI staining was used to analyze the hyphal proliferation to reveal the disease resistance traits of different inbred lines. 【Result】 The study found significant annual differences in the disease index and incidence of common smut in 2021 and 2022, primarily influenced by temperature and precipitation. Principal component analysis showed that the disease index on day 4, 8, and 12 post-inoculation was a key indicator of disease severity, while the disease incidence at the grain filling stage (R2) and wax ripening stage (R4) revealed differences across growth stages. Additionally, 6 high-resistance inbred lines (e.g., Q319), 67 medium-resistance inbred lines (e.g., D599), and 171 susceptible inbred lines (e.g., M407) were identified. Sugar metabolism analysis showed significant differences in sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents across inbred lines with different disease resistance, indicating the critical role of sugar metabolism in the competition between the pathogen and the host. Oxidative stress analysis revealed significant increases in H₂O₂ and O2- contents post-infection, with the high-resistant inbred line Q319 exhibiting the strongest OH- scavenging capacity. SOD and POD activities were significantly increased on days 4 and 8 post-inoculation, with the SOD activity of D599 increasing by 114.98% on day 8 and the SOD activity of Q319 increasing by 96.08%. On day 12, the POD activity of D599 and Q319 increased by 164.27% and 160.91%, respectively, indicating strong antioxidant defense capabilities in resistant materials. WGA staining showed that hyphal extension was limited in Q319, primarily concentrated near the vascular bundles, suggesting strong cell wall defense. D599 exhibited intermediate hyphal expansion speed and range, representing moderate defense capacity, while M407 displayed extensive hyphal spread with large intercellular infection, indicating weak cell wall defense. Post-inoculation, the net photosynthetic rate of Q319, D599, and M407 decreased by 52.5%, 52.8%, and 100.2%, respectively, compared to the control group, with significant reductions in photosynthetic pigment content; however, the decline decreased from 4 to 12 d. 【Conclusion】 This study reveals significant differences in sugar metabolism, oxidative stress responses, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthesis among different maize inbred lines under Mycosarcoma maydis infection. The high-resistance inbred line Q319 exhibits strong disease resistance through low sucrose, high fructose and glucose metabolism, along with higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content and efficient antioxidant ability. The high-susceptible inbred line M407 shows increased sucrose accumulation and insufficient antioxidant response, resulting in significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, leading to increased disease susceptibility. The medium-resistance inbred line D599 displays intermediate photosynthetic function and pigment accumulation, with disease resistance between Q319 and M407.

Key words: maize, germplasm, common smut, disease resistance, sugar metabolism, oxidative stress

Table 1

Classification of incidence in maize infected by Mycosarcoma maydis"

病情分级Disease grading 描述 Description
0级 Level 0 无症状感染 Without infection symptoms
1级 Level 1 叶片黄化 Chlorosis
3级 Level 3 叶片上出现小肿瘤（<1 mm）或非常少量的较大肿瘤（>1 mm）
Small tumors (<1 mm) on leaves or very few tumors (>1 mm)
5级 Level 5 叶片和/或茎上出现正常大小的肿瘤 Normal tumors on leaves and/or stem
7级 Level 7 茎基部出现大量肿瘤和/或植株生长轴改变 Heavy tumors on base of stem and/or change of growth axis
9级 Level 9 植物出现死亡 Dead plants

Table 2

Evaluation criteria of maize resistance to Mycosarcoma maydis"

发病率Morbidity (%) 抗性Resistance
0—1 高抗Highly resistant (HR)
1—5 抗Resistant (R)
5—10 中抗Moderately resistant (MR)
10—40 感Susceptible (S)
40—100 高感Highly susceptible (HS)

Fig. 1

Criteria for evaluating the severity of the disease A1: Disease level 1; A2: Disease level 3; A3: Disease level 5; A4: Disease level 7; A5: Disease level 9"

Table 3

Statistics on the incidence of field inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis from 2021 to 2022"

年份
Years		 指标
Index		 病情指数Disease index 发病率Morbidity
4dDI 8dDI 12dDI 12dMR R2MR R4MR
2021 最大值Max 0.144 0.574 0.617 1.000 1.000 1.000
平均值Mean 0.007 0.236 0.273 0.620 0.039 0.063
标准差SD 0.017 0.104 0.122 0.202 0.105 0.134
变异系数CV 2.429 0.441 0.447 0.326 2.692 2.127
2022 最大值Max 0.078 0.662 0.778 0.950 0.400 0.673
均值Mean 0.003 0.177 0.221 0.621 0.004 0.009
标准差SD 0.008 0.072 0.075 0.154 0.032 0.055
变异系数CV 2.667 0.407 0.339 0.248 8.000 6.111

Fig. 2

Correlation between disease index and morbidity at different stages *, ** and *** indicate the significant at P<0.05, P<0.01and P<0.001 level. The same as below"

Table 4

Statistics of Mycosarcoma maydis infection in field inoculations (2021-2022)"

指标
Index		 因子载荷Factor loading
主成分1 PC1 主成分2 PC2
第4天病情指数4dDI 0.73 0.18
第8天病情指数8dDI 0.97 -0.02
第12 天病情指数12dDI 0.98 -0.04
第12 天发病率12MR 0.89 -0.13
灌浆期发病率R2MR 0.05 0.97
蜡熟期发病率R4MR -0.01 0.97
特征值Eigenvalue 3.21 1.925
方差贡献率Variance contribution rate (%) 53.48 32.09
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate (%) 53.48 85.57
因子权重Factor weight 0.63 0.38

Fig. 3

Analysis of resistance to common smut in different inbred lines and resistance level of representative inbred lines A: Analysis of resistance to common smut in maize inbred lines; B: Resistance to common smut in representative inbred lines"

Fig. 4

Changes of glucose, fructose and sucrose contents in different inbred lines after inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis A: Glucose content; B: Fructose content; C: Sucrose content"

Fig. 5

Changes of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion of different inbred lines inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis A: Hydrogen peroxide; B: Superoxide anion; ns: No significance. Different alphabets indicate the significance at 0.05 level. The same as below"

Fig. 6

Changes of hydrogen per peroxide staining of different inbred lines inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis A: Q319; B: D599; C: M407; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 represents day 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 after inoculation. The same as below"

Fig. 7

Changes of superoxide anion staining in different inbred lines inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis"

Fig. 8

Changes of SOD, POD and OH- of different inbred lines inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis A: SOD activity; B: POD activity; C: Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability"

Fig. 9

Changes of WGA staining in different inbred lines inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis"

Fig. 10

Effects of inoculation with Mycosarcoma maydis on net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in different inbred lines A: Net photosynthetic rate; B: Transpiration rate; C: Stomatal conductance; D: Intercellular CO2 concentration"

Fig. 11

Effects of Mycosarcoma maydis inoculation on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll a+b, and carotenoid content in different inbred lines A: Chlorophyll a content; B: Chlorophyll b content; C: Total chlorophyll a+b content; D: Carotenoid content"

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