柑橘果实形态与果皮裂隙发生规律

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The occurrence rules of cracks in citrus fruits with different fruit shapes were fully investigated to provide a new perspective for understanding the swelling and cracking of citrus fruits caused by field water imbalance before harvest.【Method】Based on the hierarchical characteristics of citrus peel structure, the fruit shell was considered a closed pressure vessel. By using the stress analysis method for the pressure vessel wall, the distribution of shell swelling pressure and the occurrence rules of peel cracks in different types of fruit shapes were evaluated.【Result】The shape of fruit shells affected the distribution of swelling pressure and the occurrence rules of cracks. (1) While the fruit shape index FSI in oval fruit was <1, the stress at the top of the fruit shell (i.e., σ_Top) was>equatorial meridional stress (i.e., σ_Φ-Mid) and>equatorial circumferential stress (i.e., σ_θ-Mid), which explained why the cracks in the oval-shaped fruit were often observed at the top of the fruit, e.g., the case for the early maturing cultivar Citrus reticulata Satsuma. If the fruit shape index FSI was >1, the stress at the top of the fruit shell (i.e., σ_Top) was<equatorial meridional stress (i.e., σ_Φ-Mid) and<equatorial circumferential stress (i.e., σ_θ-Mid), which could be frequently found in the elongated oval-shaped fruit with many longitudinal cracks like in the cultivar C. sinensis Navelina Navel. As for the fruit shape index FSI was =1, the cracks in the nearly spherical fruit shell were often located at the thinnest part of the fruit shell, and the ratio of stress at the top of the fruit to equatorial stress was inversely proportional to the thickness of the corresponding part of the fruit shell (i.e., σ_Top/σ_Mid=d_Mid/d_Top). For example, the cultivar Spring-sweet Tangelo often had circular transverse cracks at the thinnest part of the fruit waist, while the cultivar C. sinensis Newhall Navel cracks started at the thinnest part of the navel top. (2) The concave part of the nearly heart-shaped pomelo fruit was prone to forming a stress concentration condition for swelling, showing a great overlap with the point of maximum swelling pressure at the top of the sand sac, which led to a regular cracking at the top of the fruit as observed in C. grandis Duweiwendan. (3) Over the period with a dramatic increase of water potential in the field, the volume swelling ratio and fruit cracking rate in high-sugar fruits were higher than those in low-sugar fruits.【Conclusion】The cracks in citrus peel started at the point where the shell had the highest swelling pressure, while the direction of crack extension was perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress. Moreover, the more severe the non-sphericity and the more significant the difference in fruit shell thickness, the less the swelling pressure distribution and the higher the cracking rate of the fruit. A higher cracking rate of fruits with high sugar content than that of fruits with low sugar content was probably attributed to the unexpected increase in water potential.

Key words: citrus, fruit shape, shell swelling pressure, fruit cracking, crack pattern

WANG XianDa, ZHANG LiJie, WU XingMing, CHENG DeMing, LI Jian. Occurrence Rules of Citrus Fruit Shape and Peel Cracks[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(17): 3458-3468.

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Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Correlation between quality indexes of various citrus varieties"

品种 Variety	果实品质指标Fruit quality index			相关系数r				最佳回归方程 Optimal regression equation
品种 Variety	因子 Factor	平均值 Mean	变异系数 CV (%)	SFW	FSI	TSS	r_P	最佳回归方程 Optimal regression equation
‘甜春桔柚’ Spring-sweet Tangelo	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 可溶性固形物TSS (%)	194.3 0.851 11.24	26.75 4.94 9.46	1.000 -0.117 -0.449	-0.117 1.000 0.043	-0.449 0.043 1.000	n=206 r_0.05=0.137 r_0.01=0.179	TSS%=12.14-2.243E-5×SFW² F=55.7、P=2.4E-12
‘纽荷尔’脐橙 C. sinensis Newhall navel orange	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 可溶性固形物TSS (%)	215.8 1.004 12.86	27.00 5.25 12.55	1.000 0.016 -0.312	0.016 1.000 -0.040	-0.312 -0.040 1.000	n=545 r_0.05=0.084 r_0.01=0.110	TSS%=13.81-1.892E-5×SFW² F=61.7、P=2.2E-14
‘奈维林娜’脐橙 C. sinensis Navelina navel orange	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 可溶性固形物TSS (%)	331.2 1.129 11.38	18.59 6.04 7.02	1.000 0.099 -0.154	0.099 1.000 -0.180	-0.154 -0.180 1.000	n=360 r_0.05=0.103 r_0.01=0.136	TSS%=13.22-0.1018×SFW^1/2 F=17.8、P=3.1E-5
‘卡拉卡拉’脐橙 C. sinensis CaraCara navel orange	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 可溶性固形物TSS (%)	190.6 0.958 16.33	34.22 4.44 16.46	1.000 -0.051 -0.363	-0.051 1.000 -0.038	-0.363 -0.038 1.000	n=210 r_0.05=0.135 r_0.01=0.177	TSS%=18.07-4.289E-5×SFW² F=47.8、P=5.4E-11
柳橙 C. sinensis Liucheng	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 可溶性固形物TSS (%)	109.7 0.980 13.90	24.48 6.96 9.28	1.000 -0.023 -0.269	-0.023 1.000 0.128	-0.269 0.128 1.000	n=214 r_0.05=0.134 r_0.01=0.176	TSS%=14.69-6.184E-5×SFW² F=19.9、P=1.3E-5
特早熟温州蜜柑‘稻叶’ C.reticulata Satsuma Inaba	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 固形物TSS (%)	89.07 0.651 11.11	19.52 9.75 8.60	1.000 -0.047 0.387	-0.047 1.000 -0.105	-0.387 -0.105 1.000	n=192 r_0.05=0.142 r_0.01=0.186	TSS%=12.05-1.135E-4×SFW² F=33.93、P=2.4-8
特早熟温州蜜柑‘市文’ C.reticulata Satsuma Ichifumi	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 可溶性固形物TSS (%)	101.9 0.630 10.10	12.56 5.81 7.90	1.000 -0.095 -0.315	-0.095 1.000 -0.059	-0.315 -0.059 1.000	n=168 r_0.05=0.151 r_0.01=0.198	TSS%=11.08-9.319E-5×SFW² F=17.9、P=3.8E-5
早熟温州蜜柑‘兴津’ C.reticulata Satsuma Okitsu	单果质量SFW (g) 果形指数FSI 可溶性固形物TSS (%)	113.9 0.762 10.90	23.39 7.21 13.27	1.000 -0.026 -0.306	-0.026 1.000 -0.063	-0.306 -0.063 1.000	n=760 r_0.05=0.071 r_0.01=0.093	TSS%=15.25-0.3959×SFW^1/2 F=83.16、P<1.0E-16

Table 1

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Fig. 2

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Table 2

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Table 3

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裂果 Crack fruit	纵裂/横裂 LC/TC	果实数 Fruit quantity	单果质量 SFW (g)	t_0.01	F	P
Normal正常	-	477	188.1	A	53.51	1.3E-12
Crack裂果	-	373	136.8	B	-	-
	横裂TC	278	146.5	A	6.78	0.0096
	纵裂LC	95	108.4	B	-	-

品种 Variety	因子 Factor	成对比较分析Paired comparative analysis
品种 Variety	因子 Factor	平均值 Mean	标准差 Std	t	P	单果重 SFW	P
‘甜春桔柚’ Spring-sweet Tangelo	果基部皮厚d_Base (mm)	6.07	1.06	-	-	0.694	<0.0001
	果腰部皮厚d_Mid (mm)	3.63	0.62	-	-	0.556	<0.0001
	果顶部皮厚d_Top (mm)	4.98	0.92	-	-	0.683	<0.0001
	d_Base-d_Mid	2.44	0.78	26.0	<0.0001	0.483	<0.0001
	d_Top-d_Mid	1.35	0.60	18.7	<0.0001	0.482	<0.0001
	d_Top/d_Mid	1.38	0.17	-	-	0.257	0.0002
‘纽荷尔’脐橙 C. sinensis Newhall Navel	果基部皮厚d_Base (mm)	5.70	1.50	-	-	0.517	<0.0001
	果腰部皮厚d_Mid (mm)	4.37	1.06	-	-	0.498	<0.0001
	脐顶部皮厚d_Top (mm)	2.18	0.90	-	-	0.051	0.3963
	d_Base-d_Mid	1.33	1.30	12.3	<0.0001	0.188	0.0013
	d_Mid-d_Top	2.22	1.35	19.5	<0.0001	0.344	<0.0001
	d_Mid/d_Top	2.43	1.40	-	-	0.147	0.0138

Occurrence Rules of Citrus Fruit Shape and Peel Cracks

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