Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (19): 3829-3842.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.010

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Response of Paddy Soil Health to Continuous Amendments of Organic Fertilizer and Lime Separately Under Double-Cropping Rice Fields

YIN ZeRun1(), SHENG Hao1(), LIU Xin1, XIAO HuaCui1, ZHANG LiNa1, LI YuanZhao1, TIAN Yu1, ZHOU Ping2()   

  1. 1 College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128
    2 Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125
  • Received:2022-11-10 Accepted:2023-02-14 Online:2023-10-01 Published:2023-10-08
  • Contact: SHENG Hao, ZHOU Ping

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Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the comprehensive soil health of double-cropping rice fields in response to continuous organic fertilizer and quick lime amendments, and to verify the current major soil health assessment methods in terms of the adaptability, sensitivity, and their sensitivity indicators in paddy soils. 【Method】 Here the double-cropping rice fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River watershed were selected. Based on the principles of experimental design, the control and treatment fields were set up. It aimed at illuminating the changes in topsoil physical, chemical, and biological indicators (24 indicators) after 6-year biannual continuous organic and quick lime amendments, and assessing the holistic soil health index using the Cornell Soil Health Assessment (CASH), the Haney Soil Health Test (HSHT), and the principal component analysis combined with minimal data set construction (MDS) methods. 【Result】 Compared with the control treatment (CK), 6-year continuous organic amendment treatment reduced the soil bulk density, penetration resistance, and microaggregates (<0.25 mm) significantly by 14%, 25%, and 32%, respectively; however, which rose the soil aggregate (0.5-1 mm), ammonium N, activated C, water extractable organic C and N, respiration rate, and autoclaved-citrate extractable protein significantly by 100%, 37%, 54%, 21%, 44%, 59%, and 8%, respectively; in addition, the minimum data set (MDS), comprehensive assessment of soil health (CASH), 2015, 2018, and Ward Laboratory (SHS) versions of Haney soil health test (HSHT) indexes were significantly enhanced by 75%, 20%, 42%, 95%, and 55% under 6-year continuous organic amendment treatment than that under CK, respectively (P<0.05). After the 6-year continuous liming, the soil penetration resistance, microaggregates, water extractable organic N, and pH were significantly increased by 44%, 22%, 61%, and 0.57 units than that under CK, respectively; whereas 0.5-1 mm soil aggregates, available Zn, and respiration decreased significantly by 39%, 14%, and 52% under 6-year continuous organic amendment treatment than that under CK, respectively; meanwhile, the MDS, CASH and SHS HSHT indexes were significantly decreased by 59%, 15% and 47%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The 6-year continuous biannual organic and liming amendments separately exerted positive and negative effect on the paddy soil health, and the soil respiration rate sensitively indicated the paddy soil health. However, the soil health index cannot reflect the change in soil Cd accumulation and its phyto-availability, and the assessment tools for paddy soil with excess Cd concentration remained to be further developed.

Key words: paddy soil, soil health, soil properties, soil respiration, organic fertilizer, lime

Table 1

Initial physiochemical properties of 0-15 cm topsoil before treatment in the studied paddy sites"

容重
Bulk density
(g·cm-3)		 pH 土壤有机质
Soil organic matter (g·kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g·kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g·kg-1)		 全钾
Total K
(g·kg-1)		 总镉
Total Cd
(mg·kg-1)
有机肥-对照 Organic fertilizer-CK 1.03 5.53 33.48 2.04 0.54 16.25 0.82
石灰-对照 Lime-CK 0.95 5.29 36.65 2.06 0.60 17.30 0.85

Table 2

Soil physical properties in 6-year continuous amendments of organic fertilizer and lime separately in double-cropping rice fields"

处理
Treatment		 容重
Bulk density
(g·cm-3)		 有效含水量
Available water capacity (g·g-1)		 紧实度
Soil hardness
(kg·cm-2)		 土壤团聚体组分 Soil aggregate fractions (%)
1—2 mm 0.5—1 mm 0.25—0.5 mm <0.25 mm
有机肥对照
Organic fertilizer-CK		 1.05±0.16a 0.24±0.04a 12.2±1.6a 12.8±5.3a 17.1±5.5b 24.4±6.4b 45.7±10.0a
有机肥
Organic fertilizer		 0.90±0.09b 0.25±0.05a 9.2±1.8b 13.2±4.2a 25.9±5.5a 26.5±5.9a 34.5±10.2b
石灰对照 Lime-CK 0.93±0.06a 0.24±0.06a 10.2±2.3b 17.3±1.9a 27.6±5.8a 18.2±5.3a 36.9±3.1b
石灰 Lime 0.98±0.13a 0.20±0.06a 14.7±2.2a 16.3±6.3a 16.8±2.7b 22.0±8.1a 45.0±2.2a

Table 3

Soil chemical properties in 6-year continuous amendments of organic fertilizer, and lime separately in double-cropping rice fields"

处理
Treatment		 pH 铵态氮
Ammonium N
(mg·kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen-P
(mg·kg-1)		 速效钾
Extractable K
(mg·kg-1)		 交换态镁
Exchangeable Mg (mg·kg-1)		 有效态锌
Available Zn
(mg·kg-1)		 有效态铁
Available Fe
(mg·kg-1)		 有效态锰
Available Mn
(mg·kg-1)
有机肥对照
Organic fertilizer-CK		 5.5±0.1b 11.9±1.5b 30.8±4.3a 109±20a 186±32a 3.9±1.4a 108±12a 15.1±1.3a
有机肥
Organic fertilizer		 5.7±0.2a 16.2±2.7a 29.4±6.5a 113±40a 175±32a 4.1±1.6a 101±9a 18.2±2.8a
石灰对照 Lime-CK 5.7±0.1b 9.8±3.1a 27.9±6.5b 114±29a 176±41a 3.9±0.3a 118±9a 9.0±3.8a
石灰 Lime 6.2±0.2a 11.9±2.9a 39.1±4.7a 115±31a 179±38a 3.4±0.2b 105±22a 10.8±2.8a

Fig. 1

Soil total Cd, DTPA-Cd, and exchangeable Cd concentrations in 6-year continuous amendments of organic fertilizer and lime separately in double-cropping rice fields"

Fig. 2

Soil biological properties in 6-year continuous amendments of organic fertilizer and lime separately in double-cropping rice fields"

Table 4

Load matrix, Norm value, and principal component factor screening of soil health impact factors"

指标
Index		 PCA1 PCA2 PCA3 PCA4 PCA5 PCA6 分组
Groups		 Norm 最小数据集
Minimum data set
物理指标 Physical indicator
紧实度 Penetration resistance 0.51 0.56 0.21 -0.36 0.30 -0.07 2 0.00
有效含水量 Available water capacity 0.89 -0.09 -0.27 0.16 0.10 -0.05 1 2.45
容重 Bulk density 0.77 0.45 0.19 -0.02 0.31 -0.07 1 2.34
水稳性团聚体 Wet aggregate stability
1—2 mm 0.33 -0.56 -0.07 0.60 0.16 0.14 4 1.83
0.5—1 mm 0.46 0.12 0.56 0.65 0.06 -0.15 4 1.95 是 Yes
0.25—0.5 mm 0.24 0.69 -0.36 -0.51 -0.12 0.06 2 2.00
<0.25 mm 0.64 0.61 0.25 0.24 0.09 -0.04 1 2.28
化学指标 Chemical indicator
pH -0.57 -0.01 -0.53 0.33 0.32 -0.32 1 1.99
铵态氮 Ammonium N 0.10 0.74 -0.23 -0.07 -0.40 0.16 2 2.05
有效磷 Olsen-P 0.24 -0.38 -0.65 0.18 -0.01 0.38 3 1.76
速效钾 Extractable K -0.52 0.58 0.04 0.21 0.13 0.20 2 1.96
有效态锌 Available Zn 0.81 0.25 -0.20 -0.19 0.15 0.37 1 2.34
交换态镁 Exchangeable Mg -0.80 0.38 0.27 0.10 0.09 0.35 1 2.40
有效态铁 Available Fe -0.08 0.16 0.35 0.39 0.46 0.67 6 1.43 是 Yes
有效态锰 Available Mn 0.19 -0.41 0.55 0.19 -0.39 -0.12 3 1.63
污染指标 Pollution indicator
总镉Total Cd -0.63 0.14 0.69 -0.10 0.01 0.15 3 2.19
DTPA浸提镉 DTPA-Cd -0.78 0.56 0.06 0.06 -0.06 0.14 1 2.44
交换态镉 Exchangeable Cd -0.53 0.57 -0.31 0.09 0.37 -0.31 2 2.11
生物学指标 Biological indicator
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter 0.92 0.09 -0.02 -0.12 0.12 0.04 1 2.46 是 Yes
活性有机碳 Soil active organic C 0.43 0.82 -0.23 0.37 0.11 -0.16 2 2.19 是 Yes
水溶性有机碳 Water extractable organic C -0.27 0.65 -0.32 0.29 -0.49 -0.08 2 1.93
水溶性有机氮 Water extractable organic N -0.04 0.15 -0.70 0.58 -0.23 0.01 3 1.76
ACE蛋白 Autoclaved citrate extractable protein 0.51 0.18 0.27 0.18 -0.71 0.25 5 1.83 是 Yes
土壤呼吸 Soil respiration 0.09 0.39 0.74 0.24 -0.06 -0.36 3 1.82 是 Yes
特征值 Eigenvalue 7.08 5.14 3.85 2.36 1.86 1.46
贡献率 Contribution rate（%） 29.50 21.44 16.03 9.84 7.75 6.10
累积贡献率 Cumulative Contribution rate(%) 29.50 50.93 66.96 76.80 84.55 90.65

Fig. 3

Correlation coefficients between soil health indicators"

Fig. 4

MDS and CASH soil health index in 6-year continuous amendments of organic fertilizer and lime separately in double- cropping rice fields"

Fig. 5

Haney soil health index in 6-year continuous amendments of organic fertilizer and lime separately in double-cropping rice fields"

Fig. 6

Heat map of correlation coefficients between paddy soil health indices and soil physical, chemical, and biological properties"

Fig. 7

Sensitivity index (SI) of soil properties and soil health in response to 6-year continuous amendments of organic fertilizer, and lime separately in double-cropping rice fields"

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