轻简氮肥管理对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Simplified nitrogen managements (SNMs) are labor saving methods and could make more profits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. In view of labor shortage, high labor cost and low fertilizer utilization in rice cultivation of China, the aim of this study was to explore a simplified and efficient application of nitrogen featured by “one basal-dressing and one top-dressing”, so that the amount and frequency of nitrogen application could be reduced, and the profit of rice planting could be improved. 【Method】In order to study the effects of SNMs on the grain yield, dry matter production, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain quality of double-cropping rice in South China, the field experiment was conducted by a conventional indica rice variety of Wu-Shan-Si-Miao, which was designed by a completely randomized block with four replicates. In 2018, 6 treatments were established, i.e. no nitrogen (N0), three-control fertilization (TC), TC with nitrogen reduction (RTC), and 3 simplified nitrogen managements (SNM1, SNM2, and SNM3). In 2019, 6 treatments were also established, i.e. no nitrogen (N0), three-control fertilization (TC), famers’ fertilizer practice (FP), and 3 simplified nitrogen managements (SNM2, SNM4, and SNM5). 【Result】 In the later growing season of 2018, the grain yield of SNM2 was not significantly different from that of TC, but the yields of both treatments were significantly higher than those of RTC, SNM1, and SNM3. In 2019, the grain yields of SNM2, SNM4 and SNM5 were also not significantly different from that of TC. However, compared with FP, the yields of those treatments were increased by 7.36%-7.51%, which was mainly due to the spikelet number per panicle was improved in 2019. And the panicle numbers, spikelet number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight of SNM2 were not significantly different from TC (except for 1000-grain weight in 2019) for both seasons. In 2018, the nitrogen recovery rate (RE), agronomy use efficiency (AE), physiological use efficiency (PE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of SNM2 were all not significantly differed from that of TC, while the partial factor production (PFP_N) of SNM2 was significantly higher than that of TC, and the RE, AE, and PFP_N of the SNM1 and SNM3 were obviously lower than that of SNM2. In 2019, the 5 nitrogen utilization indexes (RE, AE, PE, NHI and PFP_N) of the 3 SNMs were not significantly different with those of TC, but the RE, AE and PFP_N of those treatments were all significantly higher than that of FP. The number of spikelets per unit area, biomass, and nitrogen uptake of the SNMs were all higher than those of FP. In addition, the chalky rice rate of SNM2 was significantly lower than that of TC, but other grain quality of SNMs was not significantly different from that of FP and TC in 2018. 【Conclusion】 The grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of SNM2, which had 10% less nitrogen application and with only basal application and one topdressing in nitrogen management, was similar with TC. However, SNM2 had significantly higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency than FP. Additionally, the appearance quality of SNM2 was significantly improved, while the milling quality, cooking and eating quality were not significantly changed. Thus, it could be widely adopted in rice production in South China for its simplified cultivation.

Key words: double-cropping rice in South China, simplified nitrogen managements, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, dry matter production

PENG BiLin,LI MeiJuan,HU XiangYu,ZHONG XuHua,TANG XiangRu,LIU YanZhuo,LIANG KaiMing,PAN JunFeng,HUANG NongRong,FU YouQiang,HU Rui. Effects of Simplified Nitrogen Managements on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Rice in South China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1424-1438.

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年份/季节 Year/Season	生育阶段 Growth stage	降雨量 Rainfall (mm)	平均日最高温 Average daily highest temperature (℃)	平均日最低温 Average daily lowest temperature (℃)	辐射量 Radiation (MJ·m^-2)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	移栽-穗分化始期 Transplanting-Panicle initiation	292.8	32.2	24.8	173
	穗分化始期-抽穗期 Panicle initiation-Heading	55.8	31.2	21.9	203
	抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity	136.8	25.6	17.7	126
2019早季 Early season of 2019	移栽-穗分化始期 Transplanting-Panicle initiation	754.0	26.8	20.9	114
	穗分化始期-抽穗期 Panicle initiation-Heading	383.8	30.5	24.5	139
	抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity	358.2	33.3	25.8	191

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)	有效穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	N0	4.45±0.09c	203.7±4.2d	147.6±9.8ab	75.45±1.97c	22.98±0.17bc
	TC	8.10±0.18a	306.8±14.9a	153.7±2.4a	81.15±1.63ab	23.25±0.06b
	RTC	7.39±0.12b	271.4±4.0b	153.6±2.5a	81.93±0.80a	22.90±0.25bc
	SNM1	7.36±0.14b	304.7±7.7a	136.7±5.5b	78.03±0.90bc	22.60±0.16c
	SNM2	7.92±0.23a	309.4+4.0a	156.1±5.0a	80.43±0.35ab	22.93±0.24bc
	SNM3	7.25±0.15b	238.0±4.5c	154.3±3.5a	80.83±0.48ab	23.93±0.29a
F值（F value）		74.28**	29.57**	2.43ns	4.52*	8.22**
2019早季 Early season of 2019	N0	4.79±0.11c	170.8±8.4b	168.1±3.4c	86.09±1.34a	21.33±0.14bc
	FP	6.79±0.27b	226.0±5.7a	168.4±3.7c	85.79±0.61a	21.86±0.09a
	TC	7.46±0.05a	246.4±14.2a	178.8±2.1ab	88.35±1.32a	21.76±0.08a
	SNM2	7.29±0.20ab	226.6±7.0a	184.0±3.3ab	87.38±0.56a	21.44±0.10bc
	SNM4	7.30±0.13ab	241.7±3.1a	177.7±1.1b	87.94±0.46a	21.27±0.08c
	SNM5	7.30±0.14ab	229.7±10.7a	186.9±4.3a	88.21±0.69a	21.58±0.07ab
F值（F value）		33.61**	11.09**	6.99**	1.60ns	5.48**

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	SPAD值SPAD value			透光率Canopy light transmittance (%)
年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期MT	穗分化始期PI	抽穗期HD	穗分化始期PI	抽穗期HD	成熟期MA
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	N0	36.88±0.23b	35.58±0.63c	35.93±0.4c	56.93±4.17a	34.08±1.29a	—
	TC	41.03±0.27a	38.43±0.92b	39.98±0.21b	30.18±2.13bc	12.18±0.70c	—
	RTC	41.13±0.55a	38.40±0.44b	38.70±0.91b	32.53±2.19bc	12.98±0.51bc	—
	SNM1	41.10±0.37a	41.11±0.48a	38.28±0.89b	26.53±1.59c	10.65±1.10c	—
	SNM2	40.73±0.27a	36.58±0.46c	42.38±0.32a	35.85±1.68b	12.00±0.65c	—
	SNM3	40.98±0.23a	37.23±0.5bc	39.98±0.31b	34.83±2.65b	15.68±0.98b	—
F值（F value）		26.27**	9.98**	15.27**	23.99**	123.74**	—
2019早季 Early season of 2019	N0	39.80±0.39c	34.91±0.51c	37.88±0.36b	55.05±1.35a	30.68±3.29a	17.92±0.79a
	FP	41.49±0.41a	40.85±0.89a	38.66±1.04b	25.06±1.33c	10.88±2.14b	7.54±0.77b
	TC	41.32±0.13ab	38.97±1.19ab	41.84±0.43a	34.66±2.17b	9.99±1.06b	7.63±0.59b
	SNM2	40.76±0.38abc	37.92±0.43b	42.60±0.65a	38.82±2.44b	6.99±0.59b	7.46±0.49b
	SNM4	40.23±0.62bc	38.97±0.39ab	42.51±0.66a	41.53±3.54b	6.33±0.69b	6.55±0.54b
	SNM5	40.67±0.36abc	37.08±1.25bc	42.00±0.19a	37.48±1.86b	10.56±1.67b	7.94±0.76b
F值（F value）		2.76ns	4.89**	13.63**	17.46**	25.33**	50.65**

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	叶面积指数Leaf area index			单位面积颖花数 Number of spikelets per unit area (×10⁶ hm^-2)	粒叶比 Grain-leaf ratio (cm^-2)
年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 MT	穗分化始期 PI	抽穗期 HD	单位面积颖花数 Number of spikelets per unit area (×10⁶ hm^-2)	粒叶比 Grain-leaf ratio (cm^-2)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	N0	0.33±0.02b	1.34±0.03d	1.57±0.05d	300.6±2.08e	1.94±0.21a
	TC	0.65±0.04a	2.79±0.17b	4.66±0.16a	471.2±2.05a	1.02±0.08bc
	RTC	0.61±0.02a	2.43±0.15c	4.07±0.05b	417.0±1.15bc	1.03±0.03bc
	SNM1	0.64±0.04a	3.13±0.10a	4.64±0.25a	415.3±0.72bc	0.90±0.08c
	SNM2	0.62±0.11a	2.35±0.05c	3.97±0.18b	482.3±1.06a	1.23±0.04b
	SNM3	0.65±0.09a	2.30±0.04c	3.40±0.14c	366.8±0.50d	1.09±0.06bc
F值（F value）		3.33*	34.29**	51.55**	25.13**	14.38**
2019早季 Early season of 2019	N0	0.33±0.03b	1.39±0.09d	2.10±0.12b	288.0±1.95c	1.37±0.03a
	FP	0.37±0.01ab	2.87±0.11a	4.22±0.47a	381.3±1.75b	0.93±0.07c
	TC	0.38±0.03ab	2.39±0.09b	3.86±0.11a	439.8±2.19a	1.15±0.08b
	SNM2	0.38±0.02ab	2.08±0.07c	4.53±0.38a	416.4±0.86ab	0.94±0.08c
	SNM4	0.38±0.02ab	2.05±0.04c	4.34±0.13a	429.3±0.30a	1.00±0.03bc
	SNM5	0.44±0.05a	2.18±0.08bc	3.78±0.19a	428.2±1.48a	1.14±0.06b
F值（F value）		1.24ns	28.47**	8.77**	15.85**	6.86**

年份/季节 Year/Season	处理 Treatment	氮肥吸收利用率 RE (%)	氮肥农学利用率 AE (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥生理利用率 PE (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 PFP_N(kg·kg^-1)	氮素收获指数 NHI (%)
2018晚季 Late season of 2018	TC	38.63±3.11a	20.29±0.97ab	53.23±3.48b	45.01±0.97b	72.55±0.67ab
	RTC	31.46±2.27b	18.16±0.72bc	58.49±4.29ab	45.62±0.72b	73.76±0.76a
	SNM1	26.49±1.33b	17.95±0.87bc	67.98±2.97a	45.40±0.87b	70.28±0.46b
	SNM2	43.48±2.44a	21.41±1.42a	49.93±5.07b	48.87±1.42a	72.78±1.58ab
	SNM3	28.16±1.17b	17.31±0.93c	62.05±5.24ab	44.77±0.93b	73.33±0.13a
F值（F value）		9.95**	3.49*	2.63ns	3.22ns	2.22ns
2019早季 Early season of 2019	FP	20.62±4.56b	11.95±1.52b	67.12±14.06a	38.34±1.52b	68.78±2.30a
	TC	33.98±4.74a	18.19±0.30a	56.93±8.41a	49.85±0.30a	68.47±1.63a
	SNM2	32.32±4.76a	17.52±1.48a	56.68±6.55a	52.71±1.48a	69.37±0.75a
	SNM4	33.65±0.72a	17.73±0.90a	52.88±3.64a	49.40±0.89a	71.38±1.78a
	SNM5	27.04±3.97ab	17.89±1.02a	70.76±11.76a	53.08±1.02a	70.79±1.28a
F值（F value）		2.47ns	4.48*	0.62ns	23.17**	0.56ns

Effects of Simplified Nitrogen Managements on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Double-Cropping Rice in South China

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