Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (22): 4688-4702.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.010

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Optimizing Wheat Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates Based on Apparent Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance in a Long-Term Location Fixed Field Experiment

ZHANG Feng1(), XU JunFeng1, GAO ZhiYuan1, DANG HaiYan1, GUO RongBo1, SHE WenTing1, LI WenHu1, LIU JinShan1,2, WANG ZhaoHui1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
    2 State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
  • Received:2024-12-09 Accepted:2025-02-10 Online:2025-11-16 Published:2025-11-21
  • Contact: WANG ZhaoHui

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Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the relationship of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer rates to wheat grain yield and protein content, the N and P removal and their balance in soil in a long-term and location fixed field experiment, for scientifically reducing fertilizer inputs, and wheat grain yield increase and nutritional quality improvement. 【Method】A long-term and location-fixed field experiment was initiated in 2004 in the Loess Plateau, and samples were collected during the cropping years of 2022-2024, to investigate effects of N and P fertilization on wheat yield, yield components, grain protein content, grain P and potassium (K) content, soil nutrient total accumulation, and apparent N and P balances. 【Result】Wheat yield and grain protein content were found quadratically correlated with the N rate, and the highest yield of 6 905 kg·hm-2 and highest protein content of 145.4 g·kg-1 were attained at 196 kg·hm-2 and 276 kg·hm-2 of N, respectively. When the fertilizer N input was equal to the wheat N removal at the N rate of 162 kg·hm-2, wheat yield and protein content were 6 853 kg·hm-2 and 135.9 g·kg-1, respectively, which were 0.8% and 3.4% lower than those when the yield was maximized, and 3.7% and 6.6% lower than those when the grain protein was maximized, but the N rate was reduced by 17.3% and 41.4%, and soil nitrate N total accumulation was reduced by 21.7% and 51.6%, respectively. As the grain production target was set to realize the medium-strong grain gluten protein of 130 g·kg-1, the N rate could be reduced by 19.2% to 131 kg·hm-2 with the yield as high as 6 713 kg·hm-2 and the soil nitrate N total accumulation reduced by 22.7%, compared with that when the fertilizer N input was equal to the wheat N removal. Wheat yield and grain protein content were quadratically correlated with the P rate, and the highest yield of 6 565 kg·hm-2 and the lowest protein content of 121.8 g·kg-1 were attained at 55.3 and 87.3 kg·hm-2 of P rate, respectively. When the fertilizer P input was equal to the wheat P removal at the P rate of 11.4 kg·hm-2, wheat yield and protein content were 4 678 kg·hm-2 and 142.6 g·kg-1, respectively, and the P rate was reduced by 79.5%, protein content was increased by 11.0%, but yield was reduced by 28.7%, and soil N total accumulation was increased by 82.3%, compared with that when the yield was maximized. With the grain production target was set to realize the medium-strong gluten grain protein of 130 g·kg-1, the P rate could be increased by 329.5% to 48.8 kg·hm-2 and the yield could be increased by 39.4% to 6 523 kg·hm-2, and also nitrate N total accumulation was reduced by 41.1% in soil, compared with that when the fertilizer P input was equal to the wheat P removal. 【Conclusion】For balancing wheat yield and grain protein increase as well as soil nutrient balance in calcareous soils at the northwestern dryland area, the wheat production should aim at high yields and medium-strong grain gluten protein, and N application rates should be 0.64-0.88 times of the aboveground N accumulation, as well as the P application rates should be 2.02-2.22 times of the aboveground P accumulation under the growing system when the crop straw was returned.

Key words: dryland, wheat, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, grain yield, grain protein, apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance, soil nutrient accumulation

Fig. 1

Monthly distribution of precipitation during fallow period and winter wheat growing season at the experimental site during 2022-2024"

Table 1

Basic soil properties in 0-20 cm soil layer before the start of the experiment in 2004 and before sowing of the wheat in 2022, 2023"

处理
Treatment		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g·kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g·kg-1)		 硝态氮
NO3--N
(mg·kg-1)		 铵态氮
NH4+-N
(mg·kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen-P
(mg·kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg·kg-1)
初始土壤Initial soil (2004)[14] 8.3 13.8 1.1 5.4 2.4 15.0 182.4
施氮量
N fertilizer application rate (kg·hm-2)		 0 8.6 15.5 0.8 5.2 0.0 14.0 133.4
80 8.6 14.6 0.8 6.3 0.2 10.5 127.1
160 8.6 15.4 0.9 6.4 0.1 11.0 132.5
240 8.6 17.2 0.9 6.4 0.2 10.1 130.9
320 8.6 15.8 0.8 6.5 0.6 10.7 129.6
施磷量
P fertilizer application rate (kg·hm-2)		 0 8.6 14.4 0.8 5.0 0.1 3.5 128.4
21.8 8.6 14.7 0.8 5.5 0.1 6.7 128.4
43.6 8.6 15.4 0.9 5.9 0.1 11.0 132.5
65.5 8.6 15.6 0.8 6.0 0.1 16.7 133.0
87.3 8.6 15.5 0.8 6.1 0.1 19.5 128.2

Fig. 2

Yield, spike number, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight of wheat affected by long-term N and P application at different rates Data in the figure are average over the two cropping years of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024; Different lowercase letters indicate that differences among treatment averages are significant at P<0.05. ** Indicates that the correlation is significant at P<0.01, and * at 0.01≤P<0.05. The same as below. Equations are regression equations, x represents fertilizer rates, and y represents grain yield, spike number, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight"

Fig. 3

Content of protein, P and K in wheat grains affected by long-term N and P application at different rates Equations are regression equations, x represents fertilizer rates, and y represents the content of protein, P and K in wheat grains"

Fig. 4

Apparent input, removal and balance of N and P for soil after long-term N and P application at different rates Equations are regression equations, x represents fertilizer rates, and y represents the balance of N and P"

Fig. 5

Content of nitrate N, available P and available K in 0-20 cm soil layer of wheat field after long-term N and P application at different rates Equations are regression equations, x represents fertilizer rates, and y represents the content of nitrate N, available P and available K in soil. Nitrate N is highly movable in soil profile and is prone to leach down with precipitation, accumulation and change of available P and K primarily occur in the top 0-20 or 20-40 cm soil layer. So, here only the overall changes were analyzed and described for soil available nutrients after 20 experimental years, without calculation of the yearly average changes"

Fig. 6

Nitrate N, available P and available K accumulation in 0-100 cm soil profile after long-term N and P application at different rates Different lowercase letters indicate that differences among treatment averages for each soil and treatments for 0-100 cm nutrient residues layer are significant at P<0.05. Equations are regression equations, x represents fertilizer rates, and y represents the residual amount of soil nitrate N, available P and available K in 0-100 cm soil layer. Nitrate N is highly movable in soil profile and is prone to leach down with precipitation, accumulation and change of available P and K primarily occur in the 0-20 or 20-40 cm soil layer. So, here only the overall changes were analyzed and described for soil available nutrients after 20 experimental years, without calculation of the yearly average changes"

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