海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋高峰至后期蛋壳品质的变化特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.017

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In this study, the changes of egg physical and eggshell quality properties from peak to late phase of production (31 to 80-wk-old) of Hy-Line Brown layers were observed to investigate the critical period when eggshell quality deteriorated and the changes of eggshell structure and components, so as to provide reference for improving the eggshell quality of the late phase of production. 【Method】 A total of 84 healthy 30-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into 7 replicates with 12 birds each. All hens had free access to corn-soybean meal basal diet and water for 50 weeks. Three eggs per replicate were collected every day for 3 consecutive days at the hen age: 31, 36, 41, 46, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80-wk-old, and then eggshell physical and mechanical properties were tested. Eggshell from the hens aged: 31, 41, 50, 60, 70 and 80-wk-old was tested the following items, eggshell ultrastructure of cross section and inner surface by scanning electron microscope, the crystal structure by X-ray diffraction analyzer, organic content by burning method, total eggshell protein content by Coomassie brilliant blue method, and eggshell calcium and phosphorus content by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. 【Result】 (1) Egg weight, egg length and eggshell area of 31 to 80-wk-old were increased linearly (P<0.01). Eggshell weight, eggshell percentage, eggshell thickness and eggshell index were increased and then decreased with hen age increasing (P<0.05). After 50-wk-old, eggshell strength and eggshell fracture toughness were decreased significantly (P <0.05), and reached the lowest value from 65 to 80-wk-old (P<0.05). (2) Based on the principal component loading analysis of eggshell quality, in PC1, the load values of eggshell strength, eggshell percentage, eggshell fracture toughness and eggshell index were higher, while in PC2, the loading values of eggshell weight, eggshell thickness and eggshell area were higher. According to properties of eggshell quality, the laying cycle was divided into 2 stages of 31 to 50-wk-old and 55 to 80-wk-old, and the later could further be divided into 55 to 60-wk-old and 65 to 80-wk-old. (3) For eggshell ultrastructure, mammillary thickness and rate of 70 and 80-wk-old were significantly lower than those of 31 to 60-wk-old (P<0.05), and mammillary knob density was significantly lower than that of 31-wk-old (P<0.05). (4) There were no significant changes in the contents of organic matter and total protein, per unit area and per eggshell and no significant change in calcium content per eggshell (P>0.05), but the calcium content per unit area of 70 and 80-wk-old were decreased significantly (P<0.05). The phosphorus content of 60, 70 and 80-wk-old was significantly lower than others (P<0.05), while the phosphorus content per eggshell and per unit area were significantly lower than those of 31-wk-old (P<0.05). (6) The eggshell mechanical properties was significantly positively correlated with the thickness of calcified layer and effective layer, mammillary knob density, effective layer rate, calcium content per unit area and the content of phosphorus, per eggshell and per unit area (P<0.05), was significantly negatively correlated with mammillary layer rate (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 According to eggshell physical and mechanical properties, the laying cycle of Hy-Line Brown layers could be divided into 2 stages: 31 to 50-wk-old and 55 to 80-wk-old. The eggshell mechanical properties were decreased significantly after 65-wk-old, as the changes of eggshell ultrastructure layer thickness and rate might contribute to the decrease of eggshell mechanical properties in the laying cycle. The decrease of eggshell phosphorus content might be one of the reasons for the decrease of eggshell mechanical properties from 60 to 80-wk-old. From 70 to 80-wk-old, eggshell ultrastructural variation and the decrease of eggshell calcium content per unit area might aggravate the decrease of eggshell mechanical properties

Key words: laying period, eggshell quality, mechanical properties, eggshell ultrastructure, chemical composition

MA LingLing,FENG Jia,WANG Jing,QI GuangHai,MA YouBiao,WU ShuGeng,ZHANG HaiJun,QIU Kai. The Changes of Eggshell Quality in the Laying Cycle of Hy-Line Brown Layers[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3766-3779.

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Figures/Tables 12

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Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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Table 7

The correlation analysis of eggshell mechanical properties, structure and chemical components"

	ES	FT	MW	ET	MT	CT	ER	MR	MD	Ca	CaP	CaD	P	PP	PD	OM	OMP	OMD	TP	TPP	TPD	GS
ES	1.00
FT	0.91**	1.00
MW	0.24	0.07	1.00
ET	0.70**	0.65**	0.34	1.00
MT	-0.44	-0.43	-0.02	-0.71**	1.00
CT	0.66**	0.60*	0.50*	0.89**	-0.32	1.00
ER	0.61*	0.59*	0.12	0.91**	-0.93**	0.62*	1.00
MR	-0.63*	-0.60*	-0.14	-0.92**	0.92**	-0.65**	-1.00**	1.00
MD	0.64**	0.65**	0.19	0.48	-0.45	0.35	0.53*	-0.52*	1.00
Ca	0.05	0.09	-0.09	0.56*	-0.77**	0.26	0.72**	-0.71**	0.04	1.00
CaP	0.42	0.51*	0.04	0.38	-0.01	0.52*	0.18	-0.20	-0.24	0.01	1.00
CaD	0.57*	0.67**	0.09	0.55*	-0.23	0.61*	0.39	-0.41	-0.02	0.14	0.96**	1.00
P	0.71**	0.81**	0.43	0.55*	-0.12	0.67**	0.35	-0.37	0.69**	-0.11	0.36	0.49*	1.00
PP	0.64**	0.72**	0.47	0.48*	0.01	0.65**	0.25	-0.27	0.62*	-0.25	0.34	0.45	0.96**	1.00
PD	0.75**	0.85**	0.35	0.57*	-0.06	0.73**	0.33	-0.34	0.52*	-0.15	0.55*	0.62*	0.93**	0.91**	1.00
OM	0.28	0.24	0.40	0.32	-0.07	0.36	0.23	-0.24	0.65**	-0.03	-0.36	-0.23	0.57*	0.66**	0.40	1.00
OMP	0.22	0.18	0.51*	0.18	0.18	0.35	0.00	-0.02	0.49*	-0.30	-0.20	-0.12	0.58*	0.74**	0.45*	0.93**	1.00
OMD	0.27	0.24	0.52*	0.23	0.12	0.38	0.07	-0.08	0.53*	-0.26	-0.17	-0.07	0.61*	0.77**	0.49	0.93**	1.00**	1.00
TP	0.01	0.08	-0.36	-0.04	-0.42	-0.37	0.27	-0.25	0.37	0.05	-0.38	-0.26	-0.11	-0.06	-0.20	0.23	0.10	0.11	1.00
TPP	0.02	0.08	-0.14	-0.10	-0.18	-0.28	0.09	-0.08	0.37	-0.24	-0.29	-0.20	0.04	0.19	-0.04	0.39	0.40	0.41	0.91**	1.00
TPD	0.09	0.15	-0.11	-0.03	-0.25	-0.22	0.17	-0.15	0.43	-0.20	-0.26	-0.14	0.11	0.24	0.01	0.41	0.41	0.43	0.91**	1.00**	1.00
GS	0.36	0.37	-0.37	0.03	-0.20	-0.07	0.13	-0.12	0.29	0.01	0.09	0.15	0.06	-0.15	0.04	-0.44	-0.55*	-0.52*	-0.09	-0.29	-0.26	1.00

Table 7

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项目 Items	蛋鸡周龄 Hen age (wk)											P
项目 Items	31	36	41	46	50	55	60	65	70	75	80	P
蛋重 Egg weight (g)	61.01f±0.62	61.18ef±0.41	61.80de±0.89	62.19d±0.84	62.91c±0.72	63.13c±0.62	63.23bc±0.38	63.46abc±0.73	63.53abc±0.77	63.92ab±0.93	64.18a±0.35	< 0.001
短径 Width (cm)	4.37ab±0.02	4.34abc±0.02	4.36ab±0.05	4.34bc±0.02	4.37ab±0.04	4.37a±0.02	4.35abc±0.03	4.36abc±0.02	4.35abc±0.03	4.33c±0.02	4.37ab±0.02	0.004
长径 Length (cm)	5.65f±0.04	5.63f±0.06	5.71e±0.04	5.74de±0.06	5.77cd±0.05	5.79bcd±0.04	5.78cd±0.04	5.81bcd±0.05	5.80bc±0.05	5.84b±0.04	5.91a±0.05	< 0.001
蛋形指数 Egg shape index	1.29e±0.01	1.30de±0.01	1.31cd±0.02	1.32b±0.02	1.32bc±0.01	1.32bc±0.01	1.33b±0.01	1.33b±0.01	1.33b±0.02	1.35a±0.01	1.37a±0.01	< 0.001
蛋壳面积 Eggshell surface area (cm²)	72.53f±0.54	72.66ef±0.32	73.12de±0.71	73.46d±0.54	74.02c±0.53	74.20c±0.53	74.28bc±0.30	74.46abc±0.57	74.51abc±0.61	74.82ab±0.79	75.02a±0.28	< 0.001

项目 Items	蛋鸡周龄 Hen age (wk)											P
项目 Items	31	36	41	46	50	55	60	65	70	75	80	P
蛋壳重 Eggshell weight (g)	5.91cd±0.25	5.99bcd±0.25	6.36a±0.24	6.34a±0.27	6.19abc±0.22	6.14abcd±0.37	6.27ab±0.14	5.89d±0.28	5.87d±0.14	6.07abcd±0.36	6.14abcd±0.20	< 0.001
蛋壳比例 Eggshell percentage (%)	9.79bc±0.34	9.91bc±0.36	10.31a±0.28	10.19ab±0.40	9.84bc±0.35	9.72c±0.19	9.92bc±0.22	9.28d±0.37	9.27d±0.30	9.56cd±0.40	9.56cd±0.33	< 0.001
蛋壳指数 Eggshell index (mg·mm^-2)	8.15bc±0.34	8.24bc±0.32	8.74a±0.25	8.63a±0.36	8.36ab±0.30	8.09bc±0.49	8.44ab±0.19	7.91c±0.34	7.89c±0.23	8.15bc±0.43	8.18bc±0.28	< 0.001
蛋壳厚度 Eggshell thickness (×10^-2mm)	45.39cde±0.83	45.61cde±0.93	44.89e±0.47	46.81a±0.68	46.56ab±0.21	45.45cde±0.75	45.87bcd±0.61	45.13de±0.93	43.86f±0.67	46.05abc±0.55	45.21de±0.85	< 0.001
蛋壳强度 Eggshell strength (N)	48.60a±2.79	46.68ab±2.46	46.19abc±1.47	47.60ab±2.60	45.18bcd±3.21	42.71d±2.80	43.55cd±2.35	36.01ef±3.74	38.55e±2.86	38.24ef±2.19	35.28f±2.26	< 0.001
蛋壳韧性 Eggshell fracture toughness (N/mm^3/2)	390.65a±18.79	382.44ab±15.37	386.93ab±16.07	378.48ab±17.83	367.91b±11.93	326.70cd±11.87	336.69c±25.35	290.33f±21.47	315.68de±20.61	300.06ef±16.70	280.97f±10.27	< 0.001

项目 Items	主成分 Principal components
项目 Items	PC1	PC2
X-exp²	64%	23%
参数 Parameters
蛋壳强度 Eggshell strength	-0.428	0.262
蛋壳重 Eggshell weight	-0.326	-0.519
蛋壳厚度 Eggshell thickness	-0.187	-0.440
蛋壳面积 Eggshell surface area	0.343	-0.512
蛋壳比例 Eggshell percentage	-0.454	-0.134
蛋壳韧性 Fracture toughness	-0.419	0.335
蛋壳指数 Eggshell index	-0.420	-0.276

项目 Items	蛋鸡周龄 Hen age (wk)						P
项目 Items	31	41	50	60	70	80	P
钙化层厚度 Calcified thickness (μm)	357.05±15.78	345.99±13.83	363.50±9.71	356.41±24.60	345.80±13.31	342.91±23.87	0.300
乳突厚度 Mammillary thickness (μm)	90.01c±5.80	106.56b±6.14	114.35b±9.37	114.18b±8.03	125.98a±6.24	130.41a±8.43	<0.001
有效层厚度 Effective thickness (μm)	268.14a±12.91	243.06b±9.77	246.91b±10.18	243.50b±17.63	220.22c±10.25	212.04c±26.74	<0.001
乳突宽度 Mammillary knob width (μm)	70.18±4.27	71.24±6.24	72.27±6.15	72.01±4.10	73.66±7.16	70.93±5.79	0.926
乳突比例 Mammillary layer rate (%)	24.87c±1.67	30.80b±1.46	31.32b±1.78	32.12b±0.85	36.31a±1.35	37.85a±2.08	<0.001
有效层比例 Effective layer rate (%)	75.13a±1.67	69.20b±1.46	68.68b±1.78	68.13b±0.88	63.69c±1.35	62.15c±2.08	<0.001
乳突密度 Mammillary knob density (1 mm²)	286.66a±11.75	268.97ab±17.45	270.96ab±27.20	271.40ab±11.46	256.07b±8.44	230.93c±11.90	0.001

项目 Items	蛋鸡周龄 Hen age (wk)						P
项目 Items	31	41	50	60	70	80	P
有机物百分含量Organic matter (%)	3.54±0.16	3.56±0.42	3.71±0.08	3.48±0.20	3.47±0.13	3.33±0.34	0.482
每枚鸡蛋蛋壳有机物含量 Organic matter per eggshell (mg)	209.33±12.62	226.19±30.90	235.47±7.65	217.06±11.57	214.26±24.24	204.06±21.34	0.266
单位蛋壳面积有机物含量 Organic matter per unit area (mg·cm^-2)	2.88±0.17	3.09±0.42	3.19±0.08	2.92±0.16	2.88±0.32	2.72±0.28	0.163
总蛋白百分含量Total protein (%)	1.33±0.26	1.27±0.13	1.32±0.11	1.32±0.22	1.30±0.12	1.50±0.17	0.292
每枚鸡蛋蛋壳总蛋白含量 Total protein per eggshell (mg)	77.59±14.88	79.90±8.38	81.90±7.37	82.20±14.43	76.01±7.62	92.22±10.08	0.196
单位蛋壳面积总蛋白含量 Total protein per unit area (mg·cm^-2)	1.07±0.20	1.09±0.11	1.11±0.10	1.11±0.19	1.02±0.11	1.23±0.14	0.301
Ca (%)	37.29a±0.73	34.11b±0.54	33.57b±1.52	35.02b±0.35	34.87b±1.11	34.85b±1.09	0.001
每枚鸡蛋蛋壳钙含量 Calcium content per eggshell (mg)	2176.08±78.59	2158.57±74.75	2108.28±88.13	2148.98±50.53	2069.85±52.24	2100.90±64.76	0.305
单位蛋壳面积钙含量 Calcium content per unit area (mg·cm^-2)	29.93a±1.11	29.53ab±1.17	28.54ab±1.10	28.99ab±0.77	27.79b±0.69	27.76b±0.69	0.033
P (%)	0.13a±0.01	0.14a±0.01	0.13a±0.01	0.11b±0.01	0.10b±0.00	0.11b±0.01	< 0.001
每枚鸡蛋蛋壳磷含量 Phosphorus content per eggshell (mg)	7.66b±0.38	8.89a±0.55	8.18ab±0.73	6.75c±0.78	6.01c±0.22	6.46c±0.58	< 0.001
单位蛋壳面积磷含量 Phosphorus content per unit area (mg·cm^-2)	0.11b±0.01	0.12a±0.00	0.11b±0.01	0.09c±0.01	0.08c±0.00	0.09c±0.01	< 0.001

The Changes of Eggshell Quality in the Laying Cycle of Hy-Line Brown Layers

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项目 Item	蛋鸡周龄 Hen age (wk)						P
项目 Item	31	41	50	60	70	80	P
晶粒大小 Grain size (μm)	27.35±3.97	26.22±3.31	29.40±2.53	29.08±4.90	25.96±1.71	27.25±3.85	0.229
变异系数 Coefficient of variation	0.14	0.13	0.09	0.17	0.07	0.14	-

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