氮肥对室内和大田条件下作物秸秆分解和养分释放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.10.008

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The study was carried out to investigate factors affecting the decomposition and nutrient release of wheat and maize residue under indoor and field conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational return of crop residue and its suitable nutrient management practices. 【Method】 We conducted indoor incubation experiment with nylon bag and field experiment to study residue decomposition characteristics of wheat and maize under various nitrogen (N) fertilizer dosages (0, CK; 180 kg N·hm ^-1, N180; 360 kg N·hm ^-2, N360). In indoor environment, we focused on the effects of N dosage and soil types (Shajiang black soil: ST, Fluvo-aquic soil: FT), while in field condition, we emphasized on the effects of N dosages and burying depth (surface and 20 cm depth treatment) of the residue. 【Result】 Laboratory studies found that both residue types and soil types significantly affected residue decay constant, C, N, and P release. With the increasing of N application rate, the decay constant of wheat residue increased in both soil types, while the maize residue decreased. The N releases of maize and wheat residue decreased (the wheat residue increased in FT soil). The decay constant of wheat residue of the FT soil and the release of C, N, and P were significantly higher than those of the ST soil, while the soil types had little effect on the decomposition of maize residue. Under the lab incubation condition (180d), the average C releases of wheat residue were 370 g·kg ^-1, N was 4 g·kg ^-1, and P was 3.6 g·kg ^-1; maize residue C release was 560 g·kg ^-1, N was 11 g·kg ^-1, and P was 3.3 g·kg ^-1. Under field condition, the depth of residue returning significantly affected the decay constants of wheat and maize residue and the release of C, N and P. The decay constant and nutrient releases of residues treated with 20 cm were significantly higher than that of surface treatment. For surface treatment, the decay constant and C release of wheat residue declined gradually with the increase of N fertilizer application rate, but the maize residue increased. For 20 cm treatment, the decay constant of wheat residue and the release of C, N, and P increased with the amount of N fertilizer, while maize residue showed a decreasing trend. Under field condition, surface wheat residue biomass could decompose 40% after a maize growing season (June - October 2015), releasing 150 g C·kg ^-1, 2 g N·kg ^-1and 3.5 g P·kg ^-1; burying underground to 20 cm could decompose 80%, releasing 360 g C·kg ^-1, 4 g N·kg ^-1, and 3.8 g P·kg ^-1. Maize residues biomass could only decompose 40% after a wheat growth season (October 2015-June 2016) when the residues being returned to the surface, releasing 210 g C·kg ^-1, 5 g N·kg ^-1, and 2 g P·kg ^-1, but the 20 cm treatment could decompose 60%, releasing 360 g C·kg ^-1, 6 g N·kg ^-1, and 2.5 g P·kg ^-1. Principal component analysis showed that the decay constant of wheat residue under indoor conditions was significantly positively correlated with soil inorganic N, urease and straw N content, and negatively correlated with soil sucrase and straw C/N ratio, while maize residue decay constant was negatively correlated with soil inorganic N. Under field conditions, the decay constant of wheat residue was negatively correlated with soil urease, soil invertase, residue C content, N content and residue C/N ratio, while maize residue decay constant was negatively correlated with soil inorganic N content, soil urease, invertase and residue C/N ratio, and positively correlated with residue N and P content.【Conclusion】Both indoor and field experiment showed that the decay constants and nutrient release characteristics of wheat and maize residue were different. The application of N fertilizer promoted the decomposition of wheat residue but had little effect on the decomposition of maize residue. The soil types (ST and FT) significantly affected the decomposition of wheat residue, but the effects on maize residue decomposition were small. Returning crop residue to the soil could significantly promote the decomposition of wheat and maize residue and its nutrient release. In production, the crop residue should be returned to the soil, and appropriate N dosage should be adopted to soil types and residue types to promote the decomposition of straw.

Key words: crop residue, residue decay constant, nitrogen fertilizer management, Shajiang black soil, Fluvo-aquic soil

ZHANG XueLin, ZHOU YaNan, LI XiaoLi, HOU XiaoPan, AN TingTing, WANG Qun. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release Under Lab Incubation and Field Conditions[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(10): 1746-1760.

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References 41

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	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	有机碳 SOC (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	pH	土壤机械组成Mechanical compositions
	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	有机碳 SOC (g·kg^-1)	全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	pH	砂粒Sand (%)	粉粒Silt (%)	黏粒Clay (%)
砂姜黑土(ST)	28.0±0.2	82.0±0.9	45.0±0.8	6.8±0.2	39.1±4.6	21.4±1.2	39.6±5.1
潮土(FT)	32.0±0.7	73.0±0.4	39.0±0.2	7.8±0.01	5.7±0.4	56.4±3.9	37.9±3.8
t-test	NS	NS	NS	4.8^*	-7.3^**	7.2^**	NS

作物 Crop	处理 Treatments	分解常数Decay constant (k) (%)		碳释放量 C release (g C·kg^-1)		氮释放量N release (g N·kg^-1 )		磷释放量P release (g P·kg^-1)
作物 Crop	处理 Treatments	砂姜黑土ST	潮土FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土FT
小麦 Wheat	SCK	3.0±0.2a	3.6±0.1a	352.3±2. 5b	384.1±0.9b	3.6±0.04c	4.3±0.06a	3.6±0.06a	3.6±0.12a
	SN180	3.1±0.1a	4.1±0.1b	332.5±3.6a	379. 6±2.8a	3.5±0.04b	4.5±0.07b	3.6±0.03a	3.6±0.04a
	SN360	3.2±0.1a	4.3±0.1c	333.6±6.5a	393.2±3.7c	3.4±0.07a	4.6±0.11b	3.6±0.03a	3. 7±0.07a
	t -test	-12.2***		-12.3***		-13.9***		-2.2*
玉米 Maize	SCK	5.8±0.04c	5.7±0.11b	570.0±1.1c	563.4±2.2a	11.4±0.06b	11.3±0.5a	3.3±0.07a	3.3±0.11a
	SN180	5.5±0.07b	5.5±0.04a	566.9±0.7b	564.4±5.01a	11.1±0.04a	11.1±0.1a	3.3±0.04a	3.3±0.03a
	SN360	5.2±0.06a	5. 5±0.03a	563.8±2.5a	564.6±9.6a	11±0.02a	11.1±0.2a	3.3±0.08a	3.2±0.05a
	t -test	NS		NS		NS		NS
Cr		5289.8***		27956.9***		24276.1***		281.9***
S		310.3***		318.7***		115.6***		1.6
F		0.1		9.9***		3.6*		0.1
Cr×S		249.7***		406.5***		104.6***		4.0
Cr×F		86.4***		7.7**		6.5**		0.9
S×F		18.9***		17.5***		4.4*		0.42
Cr×S×F		2.0		5.9**		1.9		1.26

作物 Crop	处理 Tr	30 d			60 d		90 d		120 d		150 d		180 d
作物 Crop	处理 Tr	砂姜黑土ST		潮土 FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土 FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土 FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土 FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土 FT	砂姜黑土ST	潮土 FT
小麦 Wheat	SCK	70.5±0.9a		73.1±1.5b	50.3±2.2a	47.9±1.7a	31.4±2.6a	24.8±1.4b	25.7±5.4a	18.1±1.4a	23.3±3.9a	15.9±1.2a	22.3±2.1a	14.1±1. 5b
	SN180	69.8±0.6a		70.8±1.7b	47.9±6.1a	45.8±1.6a	29.4±1.8a	20.3±1.7a	23. 5±1.5a	15.8±1.6a	22. 8±3.4a	14.3±1.3a	21.7±1.3a	13.6±0.9b
	SN360	69.4±4.2a		66.9±2.8a	47.4±6.0a	45.5±2.7a	30.1±1.4a	24.5±1.4b	23.2±1.8a	16.1±1.3a	21.3±1.2a	13.9±2.3a	20.3±1.4a	11.4±1.0a
	t -test	NS			NS		t = 9.3***		t = 6.8***		t =8.8***		t = 20.5
玉米 Maize	SCK	47.8±2.2a	52.0±2.7a		30.3±1.7a	33.4±1.4a	13.8±0.8a	13.6±0.8a	11.0±1.2a	9.4±0.8a	6.1±0.5a	6.3±0.6a	5.4±0.1a	5. 7±0.3a
	SN180	50.2±0.6ab	52.5±2.8a		32.9±0.7b	36.0±2.3b	15.2±1.5a	13.6±1.4a	10.8±0.5a	12.6±1.4b	6.9±1.0a	9.3±1.0b	6.3±0.2b	6.3±0.1b
	SN360	50.98±1.6b	51.8±2.0a		30.8±1.0a	37.8±0.8b	14.9±0.6a	16.0±1.4b	12.6±0.6b	12.7±1.3b	9.6±0.9b	9.7±0.9b	7.3±0.2c	6.5±0.1b
	t-test	t = -3.0*			t = -5.8***		NS		NS		NS		NS

	处理Treatment	分解常数(k) Decay constant (%)		有机碳释放量 C release (g C ·kg^-1)		全氮释放量 N release (g N·kg^-1)		全磷释放量 P release (g P· kg^-1)
	处理Treatment	0 cm soil layer	20 cm soil layer	0 cm soil layer	20 cm soil layer	0 cm soil layer	20 cm soil layer	0 cm soil layer	20 cm soil layer
小麦 Wheat	CK	1.9±0.08a	4.6±0.2a	173.9±11.2b	351.2±5.2a	1.9±0.4a	3.7±0.4a	3.4±0.2a	3.8±0.3a
	N180	1.8±0.09a	4.7±0.2a	166.2±4.7b	356.1±9.4a	2.2±0.02a	4.2±0.4a	3.5±0.3a	3.8±0.3a
	N360	1.7±0.07a	4.9±0.1b	136.1±1.5a	365.8±6.0a	1.7±0.2a	4.2±0.3a	3.4±0.2a	3.9±0.3a
D		3246.1^***		3547.2^***		211.5^***		9.3^***
F		1.9		4.7^*		2.5		0.07
D×F		8.6^**		22.4^***		1.5		0.03
玉米 Maize	CK	0.7±0.04a	1.6±0.1b	198.9±14.3a	376.93±11.6b	4.5±0.5a	7.2±0.5b	1.8±0.2a	2.6±0.1b
	N180	0.8±0.06a	1.50.03a	210.6±10.5a	366.14±9.5b	5.2±0.3a	5.1±0.1a	1.9±0.2a	2.3±0.1a
	N360	0.7±0.07a	1.43±0.03a	226.7±22.2a	341.78±2.6a	5.1±0.5a	5.7±0.6a	2.3±0.10b	2.2±0.2a
D		772.5^***		582.2^***		25.89^***		23.4^***
F		3.9^*		0.2		3.86^*		2.2
D×F		5.9^*		8.8^**		17.28^***		12.6^***

	Tr	小麦Wheat				玉米Maize
	Tr	30 d	60 d	90 d	120 d	60 d	120 d	150 d	180 d	210 d
地表处理Surface	CK	67.3±2.0a	63.8±0. 8a	60.4±0.4a	56.2±1.1a	87.2±1.6a	81.5±2.3a	76.6±1.9a	71.0±1.6a	65.3±1.1a
	N180	67. 6±1.6a	63.4±0.4a	61.4±2.7a	57.5±0.3ab	86.3±1.7a	81.0±2.1a	75.2±1.7ab	70.6±2.4a	64.9±1.6a
	N360	64.9±1.0a	63.4±1.9a	60.8±1.3a	58.8±1.0b	88.4±1.4a	81.5±1.3a	77.7±0.7a	69.7±1.1a	64.9±2.1a
20 cm 处理 20 cm Depth	CK	50.6±0.5c	38.0±1.2b	28.0±0.3b	24.5±0. 9b	63.7±1.6a	55.5±2.2a	48.5±2.1a	40.1±1.2a	39.2±1.5a
	N180	49.0±0.6b	36.4±0.9ab	27.0±0.6b	23.9±1.0b	64.9±1.6a	60.4±1.3b	50.4±2.0ab	44.0±1.1b	42.3±0.7b
	N360	47.7±0.5a	34.9±0.7a	24.5±0.9a	21.9±0.4a	69.1±1.8b	56.9±0.9ab	51.5±1.6b	46.0±1.4b	44.1±1.5b
t-test		-27.2^***	-42.5^***	-38.2^***	-38.0^***	-32.1^***	-28.2^***	-51.2^***	27. 9^***	-33.0^***

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release Under Lab Incubation and Field Conditions

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