Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (8): 1400-1412.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.08.010

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Quantitative Analysis of Driving-Factors of Soil Acidification in Qiyang County, Hunan Province

ZHOU HaiYan,XU MingGang(),CAI ZeJiang,WEN ShiLin,WU HongHui   

  1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2018-09-29 Accepted:2018-11-27 Online:2019-04-16 Published:2019-04-26
  • Contact: MingGang XU E-mail:xuminggang@caas.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】In Qiyang County, Hunan Province which is a typical county of China, quantifying key acidity inducing factors could provide theoretical bases for combating soil acidification, and provide scientific and technological supports for red soil acidification remediation in China. 【Method】To achieve our objective, data of fertilizer rate, biomass (or yield) of main crops and trees, and above-ground nutrient contents reported within the experimental site were obtained from a large number of published literatures and statistical yearbooks. We quantified the acidity-inducing factors (nitrogen cycling process, BC (base cation) absorption and acid deposition) based on classical mass and charge balance. Relative contributions of the three key processes were used to illustrate the dominant factor of the soil acidification in uplands, paddy fields and woodlands. 【Result】For the whole county, nitrogen cycling process accounted for 66.5% (65.3% - 68.8%) of the total H + production, base absorption accounted for 33.0% (30.1%-34.4%), and acid deposition accounted for 0.5% (0.3% - 1.7%). Regardless of the land use patterns, nitrogen cycling process was the main source of H + production and main controlling factor of soil acidification. Among the three land use patterns, H + net production of upland was the highest (19.01 kmol·hm -2·a -1), followed by paddy field (16.5 kmol·hm -2·a -1), and woodland (3.2 kmol·hm -2·a -1) as the lowest. H + net production in dry farmland was about 6 times of woodland. H + net production of 6 main crop systems varies from 10.1 kmol·hm -2·a -1 to 30.0 kmol·hm -2·a -1, and followed the order: soybean>rape>peanut>rice>corn>sweet potato. Acidity production of the economic crops (rape, peanut and soybean) was generally higher than that of the grains (rice, corn, sweet potato); contribution rate of acidity-inducing of nitrogen cycling process among 6 main crop systems varied from 45.3% to 78.3%, contribution rate of acidity-inducing of base absorption varied from 21.4% to 54.2% . H + net production of 7 main woodland systems varied greatly from 1.96 kmol·hm -2·a -1 to 27.8 kmol·hm -2·a -1, and followed the order: citrus>chestnut>camellia oleifera abel>pine>fir>bamboo>slash pine. Acidity production of economic forest (citrus, chestnut and camellia oleifera abel) was generally higher than that of timber forest (pine, fir, bamboo and slash pine) ; contribution rate of acidity-inducing of nitrogen cycling process among 7 main woodland systems varied from 46.1% to 80.8%, and contribution rate of acidity-inducing of base absorption varied from 19.0% to 53.3% . The long-term field experiment combined with soil buffering curve technique was used to verify reliability of the calculation method of H + production. The simulated value of soil pH was positively correlated with the measured value significantly, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.15, while anastomosis degree between the two was high. 【Conclusion】 Nitrogen cycling process was the main controlling factor of red soil acidification in Qiyang County. The differences of total acidity production and contribution of acidity-inducing factors depended largely on land use patterns, crop types and tree species.

Key words: red soil, soil acidification, land use patterns, nitrogen cycling process, Qiyang County,Hunan Province

Table 1

Element input of main crops and orange"

输入形式
Input		 作物类型
Crop		 N
（kg·hm-2·a-1）		 P2O5
（kg·hm-2·a-1）		 K2O
（kg·hm-2·a-1）		 Ca
（kg·hm-2·a-1）		 Mg
（kg·hm-2·a-1）
化肥带入
Chemical fertilizer input		 水稻 Rice 180 59 78 1.4 -
玉米Corn 216 65 42 1.6 -
花生Peanut 120 52 70 1.2 -
油菜Rape 160 51 74 1.2 -
甘薯Sweet potato 102 45 51 1.1 -
大豆Soybean 165 41 41 1.0 -
柑橘Citrus 239 83 93 2.0 -
大气沉降
Atmospheric deposition		 47.6 - 2.8 15 2.4

Table 2

Grain dry matter yield and element contents in seeds and straws for typical crops"

作物
Crop		 面积
Area
（hm2）		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg·hm-2)		 秸秆产量
Straw yield
(kg·hm-2)		 P（%） K（%） Ca（%） Mg（%）
籽粒
Grain		 秸秆
Straw		 籽粒
Grain		 秸秆
Straw		 籽粒
Grain		 秸秆
Straw		 籽粒
Grain		 秸秆
Straw
水稻 Rice 71133 6660 5997 0.35 0.176 0.19 1.99 0.03 0.54 0.12 0.212
玉米Corn 3224 3420 4104 0.26 0.152 0.34 1.18 0.013 0.54 0.120 0.224
花生Peanut 2863 2610 2093 0.5 0.163 0.85 1.09 0.074 1.76 0.255 0.56
油菜Rape 6144 1470 2195 1.47 0.144 7.77 1.94 - 1.52 0.94 0.25
甘薯Sweet potato 6023 4320 2159 0.17 0.283 0.73 3.05 0.14 2.11 0.073 0.46
大豆Soybean 4401 3045 4880 0.85 0.196 2.17 1.17 0.26 1.71 0.24 0.48

Table 3

Input-output fluxes of N in typical agricultural systems"

作物类型
Cropping systems		 施氮量
N rate
(kg·hm-2·a-1)		 氮沉降
N deposition
(kg·hm-2·a-1)		 秸秆吸氮量
Straw N uptake
(%)		 籽粒吸氮量
Grain N uptake
(%)		 NH3挥发
NH3 volatilization
(%)		 NO3-N淋洗量
NO3-N leaching
(%)
水稻 Rice 180 47.6 1.20 1.21 17.3 2.9
玉米Corn 216 47.6 0.92 1.15 24.5 20.2
花生Peanut 120 47.6 1.82 4.57 24.8 12.9
油菜Rape 160 47.6 0.87 8.67 24.6 15.1
甘薯Sweet potato 102 47.6 2.37 0.33 25.3 11.4
大豆Soybean 165* 47.6 1.81 7.82 25.0 11.7
柑橘Citrus 239 47.6 - - 24.6 17.7

Table 4

Wood biomass, element contents in stem wood and branches for typical timber forests"

林木类型
Tree species		 面积
Area
(hm2)		 生物量
Biomass (kg·hm-2)		 树干养分含量
Element content in stem wood (%)		 树枝养分含量
Element content in branch wood (%)		 树皮养分含量
Element content in bark wood (%)
树干Stem 树枝
Branch		 树皮Bark N P K Ca Mg N P K Ca Mg N P K Ca Mg
湿地松
Slash pine		 21080 34059 9874 7095 0.194 0.008 0.105 0.214 0.019 0.485 0.036 0.256 0.867 0.07 0.266 0.018 0.086 0.309 0.031
杉木
Fir		 20876 62406 9664 8386 0.075 0.007 0.031 0.067 0.015 0.443 0.032 0.289 0.543 0.207 0.283 0.024 0.231 0.432 0.045
马尾松Pine 7905 67400 12100 5910 0.17 0.014 0.121 0.235 0.05 0.381 0.026 0.143 0.164 0.099 0.477 0.042 0.353 0.856 0.144
竹
Bamboo		 7108 42685 3488 - 0.247 0.016 0.225 0.013 0.029 0.386 0.017 0.108 0.015 0.02 - - - - -

Table 5

Wood biomass, element contents in stem, branches and fruits for typical economic forests"

林木类型
Tree species		 面积
Area
(hm2）		 生物量
Biomass (kg·hm-2)		 枝干养分含量
Element content in stem wood (%)		 果实养分含量
Element content in fruits (%)
枝干
Stems and branches		 果实
Fruits		 N P K Ca Mg N P K Ca Mg
板栗Chestnut 137 13725 3750 0.978 0.186 0.253 1.400 0.210 1.376 0.27 0.664 2.048 0.222
油茶林Camellia oleifera 28513 7681 1798 0.65 0.045 0.31 0.129 0.131 0.831 0.093 0.971 0.437 0.129
柑橘Citrus 2068 26190 40397 0.513 0.070 0.420 1.193 0.247 0.158 0.052 0.236 0.062 0.016

Table 6

Grain dry matter yield and element contents for long term experiment of wheat-corn"

作物类型
Crop types		 平均产量Average yield (kg·hm-2·a-1) 养分含量 Element content (%)
1990-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2012 P K Ca Mg
小麦
Wheat		 籽粒Grain 1788 905 928 374 316 0.364 0.48 0.047 0.15
秸秆 Straw 1967 995 1020 411 347 0.80 1.05 0.52 0.17
玉米
Corn		 籽粒 Grain 3369 3237 1858 1326 1188 0.26 0.39 0.007 0.12
秸秆 Straw 3032 2913 1672 1194 1088 0.15 1.18 0.54 0.22

Table 7

H+ production of acidity-inducing factors among the different land use patterns"

利用类型
Land use pattern		 氮循环 N cycling process 盐基吸收 BC uptake 酸雨 Acid deposition 总H+产量
Total H+ production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1）		 磷吸收
P uptake
(kmol·hm-2·a-1）		 H+净产量
H+ net production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1）
H+产量
H+ production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 贡献率
Contribution (%)		 H+产量
H+ production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 贡献率
Contribution (%)		 H+产量
H+ production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 贡献率
Contribution (%)
林地
Forest soil		 2.2 68.2 1.0 30.1 0.056 1.7 3.2 -0.05 3.2
水田Paddy 11.5 65.3 6.1 34.4 0.056 0.3 17.6 -1.1 16.5
旱地Upland 13.6 68.8 6.1 30.9 0.056 0.3 19.7 -0.7 19.0
全县*
Whole county		 7.3 66.5 3.6 33.0 0.056 0.5 10.9 -0.5 10.4

Table 8

H+ production of acidity-inducing factors among the six main crop systems"

作物类型
Crop system		 氮循环过程
N cycling process		 盐基吸收
BC uptake (kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 盐基吸收贡献率 BC uptake contribution (%) 磷吸收
P uptake process
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 H+净产量
H+ net production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)
H+产量
H+ production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 贡献率
Contribution
(%)		 K Ca Mg
甘薯 Sweet potato 4.8 45.3 2.49 2.57 0.65 54.2 -0.439 10.1
玉米 Corn 12.2 78.3 1.54 1.13 0.66 21.4 -0.488 15.1
水稻 Rice 11.5 65.3 3.35 1.67 1.04 34.4 -1.096 16.5
花生 Peanut 14.6 78.3 1.15 1.93 0.92 21.4 -0.532 18.1
油菜 Rape 16.5 71.2 4.00 1.66 0.96 28.6 -0.795 22.4
大豆 Soybean 21.8 70.1 3.15 4.56 1.53 29.7 -1.147 30.0

Table 9

H+ production of acidity-inducing factors among the seven main woodland systems"

林地类型
Forest system		 氮循环过程
N cycling process		 盐基吸收
BC uptake (kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 盐基吸收贡献率 BC uptake contribution (%) 磷吸收
P uptake process
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 H+净产量
H+ net production (kmol·hm-2·a-1)
H+产量
H+ production
(kmol·hm-2·a-1)		 贡献率
Contribution
(%)		 K Ca Mg
湿地松 Slash pine 1.3 66.8 0.09 0.45 0.06 30.4 -0.012 2.0
竹 Bamboo 1.6 77.0 0.17 0.17 0.09 20.3 -0.024 2.1
杉木 Fir 1.4 62.8 0.11 0.50 0.18 34.7 -0.019 2.3
马尾松 Pine 1.9 69.3 0.15 0.33 0.32 28.7 -0.033 2.8
油茶林 Camellia oleifera 2.1 63.9 0.48 0.42 0.23 34.4 -0.060 3.2
板栗 Chestnut 5.0 46.1 0.68 4.31 0.80 53.3 -0.368 10.5
柑橘 Citrus 23.0 80.8 2.58 2.03 0.80 19.0 -0.702 27.8

Table 10

Soil buffer capacity and H+ net production of wheat-corn long-term experiment in Qiyang County"

年份
Year		 y = a - bx H+净产量
H+ net production (kmol·hm-2·a-1)
a b R2
1991 5.70 0.0602 0.9698 5.02
1992 5.60 0.0631 0.9639 5.02
1993 5.40 0.0610 0.9855 5.02
1994 5.26 0.0650 0.9566 5.02
1995 5.30 0.0593 0.9551 5.02
1996 5.20 0.0701 0.9270 4.51
1997 4.60 0.0601 0.9359 4.51
1998 4.60 0.0603 0.9728 4.51
1999 4.30 0.0489 0.9639 4.51
2000 4.20 0.0400 0.9229 4.51
2001 4.30 0.0393 0.9566 3.76
2002 4.32 0.0593 0.9889 3.76
2003 4.31 0.0434 0.9387 3.76
2004 4.60 0.0439 0.9855 3.76
2005 4.46 0.0383 0.9591 3.76
2006 4.48 0.0292 0.9852 3.20
2007 4.33 0.0489 0.9607 3.20
2008 4.53 0.0373 0.9229 3.20
2009 4.50 0.0383 0.9579 3.20
2010 4.30 0.0312 09851 3.20
2011 4.38 0.0292 0.9889 3.11
2012 4.30 0.0219 0.9589 3.11

Fig. 1

The changes of simulated value and measured value of soil pH in different years"

Fig. 2

Comparison of simulated value and measured value of soil pH"

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