不同施氮量下黑土地春玉米籽粒淀粉积累动态及产量形成差异

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确适宜施氮量条件下黑土地春玉米籽粒淀粉积累动态和产量形成的生理机制，以期为春玉米高产高效栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验于2022和2023年2个春玉米生长季，在吉林省公主岭市吉林省农业科学院试验田开展，设置5个施氮量处理：全生育期不施氮（N0）、90 kg·hm^-2（N90）、135 kg·hm^-2（N135）、180 kg·hm^-2（N180）和225 kg·hm^-2（N225），通过测定春玉米穗位叶蔗糖含量和蔗糖代谢关键酶活性探究不同施氮量条件下穗位叶蔗糖合成能力和籽粒淀粉合成能力；通过Logistic方程拟合春玉米籽粒总淀粉及其组分积累特性，明确施氮量对春玉米籽粒淀粉积累动态及产量形成的影响。【结果】（1）春玉米产量随施氮量增加先升高后降低，N0、N90、N135、N180、N225处理两年平均产量分别为8 992.90、11 199.47、12 126.78、14 049.42、13 213.21 kg·hm^-2，以施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2的N180处理最高。（2）N180处理开花后0、12、24、36、48 d穗位叶蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性均显著高于N0、N90、N135处理，与N225处理无显著差异。开花后24、36、48 d，N180处理籽粒可溶性淀粉酶（SSS）活性最高，较N0、N90、N135、N225处理两年平均分别提高62.43%、31.33%、14.85%、7.80%。（3）Logistic方程解析表明，各处理籽粒总淀粉、支链、直链淀粉积累速率和活跃积累期随施氮量的增加先升高后降低，均以N180处理最优。与N0、N90、N135、N225处理相比，N180处理两年平均总淀粉积累速率和积累活跃期分别高43.35%、23.16%、13.22%、5.92%和7.30%、3.84%、4.11%、3.83%，两年平均籽粒淀粉积累速率达到最大时籽粒淀粉积累量为12.90 g，各处理成熟期总淀粉积累量分别为6 725.60、8 510.17、9 150.62、10 387.35、9 604.04 kg·hm^-2。（4）相关分析结果表明，春玉米产量与灌浆期穗位叶蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶活性、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性、籽粒可溶性淀粉合成酶活性、籽粒总淀粉积累量、支链淀粉积累量、直链淀粉积累量呈显著正相关；穗位叶蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶活性、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性、籽粒可溶性淀粉合成酶活性与籽粒淀粉及其组分积累量亦呈显著正相关。【结论】施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2处理下春玉米灌浆期穗位叶蔗糖代谢关键酶和籽粒可溶性淀粉合成酶活性最高，灌浆期籽粒淀粉积累速率最大，淀粉活跃积累期最长，籽粒产量和淀粉积累量最高，为本试验条件下的最优处理。

关键词: 春玉米, 施氮量, 籽粒淀粉积累, 产量, 蔗糖合成酶, 籽粒淀粉合成酶

Abstract:

【Objective】The physiological mechanism of starch accumulation and yield formation of spring maize in black soil under suitable nitrogen application was studied, in order to provide the theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation technology of spring maize.【Method】Field experiments were conducted in the spring maize growing seasons of 2022 and 2023 in Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Five nitrogen application treatments were set up: no nitrogen (N0), 90 kg·hm^-2 (N90), 135 kg·hm^-2 (N135),180 kg·hm^-2 (N180), and 225 kg·hm^-2 (N225). The synthesis capacity of sucrose in the ear leaf and the activity of key enzymes in sucrose metabolism were measured to investigate the sucrose synthesis capacity of the ear leaf and grain starch synthesis capacity under different nitrogen application rates. The accumulation characteristics of total starch and its components in maize grain were fitted by Logistic equation to clarify the impact of nitrogen application rate on the dynamic of starch accumulation in maize grain and grain yield formation.【Result】(1) With the escalation of nitrogen application rates, the yield of spring maize exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. The average yields under N0, N90, N135, N180, and N225 treatments over two years were 8 992.90, 11 199.47, 12 126.78, 14 049.42, and 13 213.21 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Notably, the N180 treatment resulted in the highest yield. (2) The sucrose content, sucrose synthetase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS) activities in ear leaves at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 days after flowering under N180 treatment were significantly higher than those under N0, N90 and N135 treatment, and there was no significant difference between N225 and N180 treatment. At 24, 36 and 48 days after flowering, the activity of soluble amylase (SSS) in grains treated under N180 was the highest, and the average SSS activity of grains under N0, N90, N135 and N225 was increased by 62.43%, 31.33%, 14.85% and 7.80%, respectively. (3) Logistic equation analysis showed that the accumulation rate and active accumulation period of total starch, branch chain and amylose in grains of each treatment first increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amount, and N180 treatment was the best. Compared with N0, N90, N135 and N225 treatments, the two-year average total starch accumulation rate and total starch accumulation active period under N180 treatment were 43.35%, 23.16%, 13.22%, 5.92% and 7.30%, 3.84%, 4.11%, 3.83%, respectively. When the average grain starch accumulation rate reached the maximum in two years, the grain starch accumulation amount was 12.90 g, and the total starch accumulation amount at each treatment maturity stage was 6 725.60, 8 510.17, 9 150.62, 10 387.35 and 9 604.04 kg·hm^-2, respectively. (4) Correlation analysis results showed that spring maize yield was significantly positively correlated with sucrose content, sucrose synthase activity, sucrose phosphate synthase activity, soluble starch synthase activity in grains, total starch accumulation, amylopectin accumulation and amylose accumulation in grains at ear position at filling stage. Sucrose content, sucrose synthetase activity, sucrose phosphate synthetase activity and soluble starch synthetase activity in grain were also significantly positively correlated with starch and its component accumulation in grain.【Conclusion】Under the treatment of 180 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen application, the spring maize during grain filling exhibited the highest activities of key sucrose metabolism enzymes in the ear sheath leaves, as well as the highest activity of starch synthesis enzymes in the soluble grains. Additionally, it showed the maximum rate of starch accumulation and longest period of active starch accumulation. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and starch accumulation, making it the optimal treatment under the experimental conditions.

Key words: spring maize, nitrogen application amount, grain starch filling, yield, sucrose synthetase, grain starch synthetase

曹文茁, 于振文, 张永丽, 张振, 石玉, 王永军. 不同施氮量下黑土地春玉米籽粒淀粉积累动态及产量形成差异[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(22): 4431-4443.

CAO WenZhuo, YU ZhenWen, ZHANG YongLi, ZHANG Zhen, SHI Yu, WANG YongJun. The Difference of Grain Starch Accumulation Dynamics and Yield Formation of Spring Maize Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates in Black Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(22): 4431-4443.

图/表 9

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

施氮量对总淀粉及其组分积累参数的影响"

年份 Year	项目 Item	处理 Treatment	生长曲线方程 Growth curve parametric equation	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	T_max(d)	W_max(g)	G_max (g·d^-1)	G_mean (g·d^-1)	D (d)
2022	总淀粉 Total starch	N0	y=16.89/(1+57.42e^-0.16^x)	0.9994	25.95	8.45	0.66	0.44	38.44
		N90	y=20.22/(1+48.71e^-0.15^x)	0.9989	25.61	10.11	0.77	0.51	39.55
		N135	y=21.78/(1+46.29e^-0.15^x)	0.9988	25.60	10.89	0.82	0.54	40.05
		N180	y=25.54/(1+40.50e^-0.15^x)	0.9986	25.30	12.77	0.93	0.62	41.01
		N225	y=23.42/(1+43.92e^-0.15^x)	0.9989	25.38	11.71	0.87	0.58	40.25
	支链淀粉 Amylopectin	N0	y=12.07/(1+55.00e^-0.17^x)	0.9989	23.97	6.04	0.50	0.34	35.89
		N90	y=14.41/(1+48.22e^-0.17^x)	0.9980	23.47	7.21	0.60	0.40	36.33
		N135	y=15.55/(1+45.28e^-0.16^x)	0.9980	23.45	7.77	0.63	0.42	36.90
		N180	y=18.45/(1+38.55e^-0.16^x)	0.9978	23.07	9.22	0.73	0.49	37.91
		N225	y=16.88/(1+42.57e^-0.16^x)	0.9976	23.28	8.44	0.68	0.45	37.24
	直链淀粉 Amylose	N0	y=4.79/(1+132.51e^-0.16^x)	0.9986	30.78	2.40	0.19	0.13	37.80
		N90	y=5.78/(1+104.09e^-0.15^x)	0.9987	30.84	2.89	0.22	0.14	39.84
		N135	y=6.18/(1+101.36e^-0.15^x)	0.9985	30.81	3.09	0.23	0.15	40.03
		N180	y=7.05/(1+91.64e^-0.15^x)	0.9986	30.50	3.53	0.26	0.17	40.51
		N225	y=6.48/(1+96.15e^-0.15^x)	0.9986	30.58	3.24	0.24	0.16	40.18
2023	总淀粉 Total starch	N0	y=16.65/(1+50.72e^-0.15^x)	0.9990	25.97	8.32	0.63	0.42	39.68
		N90	y=20.12/(1+41.73e^-0.15^x)	0.9981	25.61	10.06	0.73	0.49	41.18
		N135	y=22.01/(1+44.03e^-0.15^x)	0.9989	25.53	11.01	0.82	0.54	40.47
		N180	y=26.06/(1+35.05e^-0.14^x)	0.9984	25.39	13.03	0.91	0.61	42.82
		N225	y=23.52/(1+43.25e^-0.15^x)	0.9991	25.42	11.76	0.87	0.58	40.48
	支链淀粉 Amylopectin	N0	y=11.84/(1+48.97e^-0.16^x)	0.9983	23.80	5.92	0.48	0.32	36.70
		N90	y=14.28/(1+42.21e^-0.16^x)	0.9966	23.52	7.14	0.56	0.38	37.94
		N135	y=15.71/(1+43.65e^-0.16^x)	0.9983	23.41	7.85	0.63	0.42	37.19
		N180	y=18.70/(1+34.27e^-0.15^x)	0.9972	23.31	9.35	0.71	0.47	39.57
		N225	y=16.80/(1+42.96e^-0.16^x)	0.9986	23.39	8.40	0.68	0.45	37.31
	直链淀粉 Amylose	N0	y=4.74/(1+153.62e^-0.16^x)	0.9996	30.93	2.37	0.19	0.13	36.86
		N90	y=5.72/(1+128.25e^-0.16^x)	0.9989	30.71	2.86	0.23	0.15	37.96
		N135	y=6.00/(1+118.41e^-0.16^x)	0.9998	30.60	3.00	0.23	0.16	38.46
		N180	y=7.24/(1+87.40e^-0.15^x)	0.9990	30.42	3.62	0.27	0.18	40.83
		N225	y=6.69/(1+101.84e^-0.15^x)	0.9998	30.57	3.34	0.25	0.17	39.68

表2

图7

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	支链淀粉积累量 Amylopectin accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	直链淀粉积累量 Amylose accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒总淀粉积累量 Grain starch accumulation (kg·hm^-2)
2022	N0	8765.02e	5178.81e	1383.46e	6562.27e
	N90	11012.01d	6531.78d	1845.23d	8377.01d
	N135	11951.47c	7186.44c	1922.19c	9108.69c
	N180	14138.56a	7978.36a	2472.88a	10451.24a
	N225	13407.19b	7548.62b	2089.66b	9638.29b
2023	N0	9220.77e	5268.64e	1620.28e	6888.92e
	N90	11386.93d	6831.24d	1812.09d	8643.33d
	N135	12302.08c	7126.56c	2066.04c	9192.54c
	N180	13960.28a	7908.24a	2415.22a	10323.46a
	N225	13019.22b	7420.64b	2149.14b	9070.98b