糜子绿豆间作模式下糜子光合物质生产及水分利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探索不同间作系统对糜子光合物质生产及水分利用的影响,筛选适于西北旱作农业区糜子与绿豆最佳间作模式,以期为糜子高产高效生产及生态环境保护提供依据。【方法】于2017—2018年连续2个作物生长季,在陕西榆林小杂粮试验示范站设置4种间作模式,包括2行糜子间作2行绿豆间作（2P2M）、4行糜子间作2行绿豆间作（4P2M）、4行糜子间作4行绿豆间作（4P4M）、2行糜子间作4行绿豆间作（2P4M）,单作糜子（SP）和单作绿豆（SM）作为对照,研究不同糜子绿豆间作系统下糜子地上叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数、地下土壤水分分布和利用效率,分析糜子产量效益。【结果】与单作糜子相比,间作处理使开花期糜子旗叶叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率分别增加2.9%—13.5%、5.0%—32.3%、1.3%—6.3%和2.1%—8.7%,2P4M和2P2M处理使其达到最大值,提高了糜子叶片光合物质生产能力;糜子//绿豆显著增加糜子旗叶光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光化学淬灭系数（qL）及实际光化学效率（Φ_PSII）,降低非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）,使其间作糜子增强对光能的捕获和转化能力,减少无效的漏光损失和热量损耗,提高对高光的利用能力。间作复合系统降低糜子土壤含水量,且中层（60—140 cm）土壤含水量的降低幅度明显高于上层（0—40 cm）与下层（160—200 cm）,这与复合群体作物根系深浅搭配具有直接关系。间作有利于提高糜子的水分利用效率,2年间2P2M、4P2M、4P4M和2P4M处理平均分别比单作增加11.5%、2.3%、20.8%和30.1%,促使水分利用最大化;间作处理下的糜子生物量和产量也显著上升,4P2M间作模式下的产量比单作增加6.7%,2P4M间作模式下的产量比单作增加36.8%,增产效果明显,且间作绿豆作为劣势作物产量降低幅度较小,所创造出的土地利用率最大。【结论】糜子与绿豆间作能够增强糜子地上光合物质生产能力,延缓叶片衰老,同时改善西北旱作农业区糜子地下土壤水分利用环境,提高农田土地和水分生产力。2P4M间作模式具有最高的土地生产力和水分利用效率优势,适合于西北旱作农业区推广应用。

关键词: 糜子, 间作, 光合特性, 叶绿素荧光, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】The propose of this study was to select the suitable proso millet-mung bean intercropping patterns in semi-arid region of northwest through studying the effects of different intercropping systems on the photosynthetic production and water use efficiency of proso millet, which can provide the basis for high yield, high efficiency production and ecological environmental protection.【Method】Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Yulin Modern Agriculture Demonstration Garden, Shaanxi. Four intercropping patterns were designed, 2 rows proso millet and 2 rows mung bean (2P2M), 4 rows proso millet and 2 rows mung bean (4P2M), 4 rows proso millet and 4 rows mung bean (4P4M), 2 rows proso millet and 4 rows mung bean (2P4M). The treatments containing proso millet (SP) and mung bean (SM) served as the controls. Photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves of proso millet as well as soil water distribution and utilization efficiency were conducted and the yield benefit was analyzed.【Result】The chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of the flag leaf at anthesis stage was increased by 2.9%-13.5%, 5.0%-32.3%, 1.3%-6.3%, and 2.1%-8.7% than the single-plant systems, and thus the production capacity in the leaves of proso millet was improved. Meanwhile, proso millet//mung bean intercropping significantly increased the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), the photochemical quenching coefficient (qL), the actual PSII efficiency (Φ_PSII) and decreased non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ). This led to enhance the ability to capture and transform light energy, reducing ineffective light leakage loss and heat loss, and improving the utilization ability of high intensity light for intercropping systems. The soil water content was significantly reduced and the reduction in the middle layer (60-140 cm) was significantly higher than that in the upper layer (0-40 cm) and the lower layer (160-200 cm). The changes in soil deep structure were related to the root depth collocation. Intercropping could improve the water use efficiency, and 2P2M, 4P2M, 4P4M and 2P4M increased by 11.5%, 2.3%, 20.8% and 30.1% compared with monoculture, respectively. Further, the biomass and yield of proso millet under intercropping were also significantly increased. The yield under 4P2M and 2P4M intercropping was 6.7% and 36.8% higher than the monoculture.【Conclusion】Photosynthetic production capacity of proso millet could be promoted by proso millet//mung bean intercropping, and land use efficiency in the semi-arid region of northwest could be improved. Under this experimental condition, 2P4M intercropping system was the suitable combination for the northwest dry farming areas to promote the application.

Key words: proso millet, intercropping, photosynthesis characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, water use efficiency

宫香伟,党科,李境,罗艳,赵冠,杨璞,高小丽,高金锋,王鹏科,冯佰利. 糜子绿豆间作模式下糜子光合物质生产及水分利用效率[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(22): 4139-4153.

GONG XiangWei,DANG Ke,LI Jing,LUO Yan,ZHAO Guan,YANG Pu,GAO XiaoLi,GAO JinFeng,WANG PengKe,FENG BaiLi. Effects of Different Intercropping Patterns on Photosynthesis Production Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Proso Millet[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(22): 4139-4153.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	单株穗数 Panicles number (No./plant)	穗长 Panicle length (cm)	单株粒重 Grain weight (g/plant)	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2017	SP	4.0±0.7d	39.2±1.3cd	24.0±1.9e	8.61±0.0d	4448.6±135.5d
	2P2M	4.8±0.8bc	41.2±2.1c	35.3±1.1c	8.89±0.1bc	4968.9±87.2bc
	4P2M	4.3±0.4c	40.1±1.0c	32.5±1.6d	8.81±0.0c	4696.2±76.8c
	4P4M	4.9±0.2b	42.2±0.8b	40.9±0.4b	8.92±0.1b	5131.6±73.5b
	2P4M	5.8±0.4a	44.0±1.8a	46.6±2.5a	9.02±0.0a	5367.8±56.8a
2018	SP	3.4±0.9b	46.4±2.2a	29.0±1.3d	8.66±0.1c	4205.7±257.7d
	2P2M	4.6±2.0ab	47.0±2.5a	41.8±0.8b	9.00±0.0b	5153.8±150.7b
	4P2M	4.4±1.1ab	46.6±2.6a	36.7±0.7c	9.03±0.1ab	4539.8±144.6c
	4P4M	5.2±1.5ab	47.2±1.9a	43.2±0.7b	9.10±0.1ab	5249.6±147.3b
	2P4M	6.2±1.1a	47.2±1.6a	50.4±1.2a	9.18±0.0a	6471.2±236.6a
变异来源Variation source
年份Year		NS	**	**	**	*
处理Treatment		**	*	**	**	*
年份×处理Year × Treatment		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分枝数 Branch number (No./plant)	荚数 Pods number (No./plant)	单株粒重 Grain weight (g/plant)	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2017	SM	14.3±2.2a	32.4±1.8a	11.6±0.7a	6.39±0.7a	1297.3±140.3a
	2P2M	8.6±1.8cd	22.1±1.7c	4.9±0.3d	6.01±1.3a	607.2±38.8d
	4P2M	7.6±1.2d	19.8±1.5d	4.2±0.3e	5.95±0.6a	573.1±79.6e
	4P4M	10.6±0.7bc	23.7±1.1c	6.0±0.2c	6.11±0.6a	722.3±67.5c
	2P4M	11.9±0.4b	27.8±1.3b	7.3±0.2b	6.23±0.4a	845.5±43.7b
2018	SM	15.3±2.4a	52.3±9.6a	16.3±1.8a	7.13±0.2a	1483.7±36.5a
	2P2M	11.8±1.7b	35.3±8.8b	10.0±1.0bc	6.99±0.3ab	920.5±56.3b
	4P2M	10.8±1.5b	31.5±11.7b	8.6±1.2c	6.30±0.2b	908.3±64.0b
	4P4M	12.5±1.7ab	37.8±4.1b	10.3±1.5bc	6.41±0.6ab	957.6±59.5b
	2P4M	12.0±2.8ab	42.8±5.9ab	11.2±2.2b	6.65±0.8ab	973.5±57.6b
变异来源Variation source
年份Year		NS	**	**	NS	**
处理Treatment		**	**	**	NS	**
年份×处理Year × Treatment		NS	NS	NS	NS	*

年份Year	处理 Treatment	经济效益Economic benefits				土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio
年份Year	处理 Treatment	农资总投入 Total material input (Yuan/hm²)	总产值 Output value (Yuan/hm²)	经济效益 Economic benefit (Yuan/hm²)	产投比 Input-output ratio	土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio
2017	SP	900	10676.4±325.3a	9776.4±325.3a	11.9±0.4a	—
	SM	1500	10378.8±83.0b	8878.8±83.0c	6.9±0.1f	—
	2P2M	1200	9385.3±122.6d	8185.3±122.6d	7.8±0.1d	1.59±0.03c
	4P2M	1100	10294.5±167.2bc	9194.5±167.2b	9.4±0.2b	1.50±0.02d
	4P4M	1200	10037.7±93.6c	8873.7±93.6c	8.4±0.1c	1.71±0.04b
	2P4M	1300	9519.0±68.1d	8219.0±68.1d	7.3±0.1e	1.86±0.02a
2018	SP	850	10934.8±670.0bc	10084.8±670.0a	12.9±0.8a	—
	SM	1700	11869.7±292.1a	10169.7±292.1a	7.0±0.2d	—
	2P2M	1275	10842.0±346.7bc	9567.0±346.7a	8.5±0.3c	1.86±0.18b
	4P2M	1133	10593.9±415.3c	9460.9±415.3a	9.4±0.4b	1.71±0.20b
	4P4M	1275	11133.62±365.7bc	9858.6±365.7a	8.7±0.3bc	1.91±0.18ab
	2P4M	1558	11449.3±522.5ab	9891.3±522.5a	7.3±0.3d	2.22±0.29a

指标 Index	叶绿素相对含量 SPAD	净光合速率 Pn	最大光化学效率 Fv/Fm	实际光化学效率 Φ_PSⅡ	生物量 Biomass	水分利用效率 WUE
单株穗数Panicles number	0.734**	0.612*	0.618*	0.723**	0.642*	0.570*
穗长Panicle length	0.573*	0.657*	0.577*	0.530*	0.614*	0.567*
单株粒重Grain weight	0.946**	0.958**	0.917**	0.956**	0.982**	0.941**
千粒重1000-grain weight	0.820**	0.822**	0.720**	0.820**	0.838**	0.716*
产量Grain yield	0.940**	0.945**	0.895**	0.908**	0.964**	0.975**