绿肥联合麦秸还田对减量施氮春小麦光合特性和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.17.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究在不同减氮水平下，绿肥联合麦秸还田对春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）籽粒产量及叶片光合特性的影响，为构建春小麦复种绿肥节氮高效型生产模式提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】试验于2022和2023两个年度在甘肃农业大学武威绿洲农业试验站进行。采用裂区试验设计，主区为不同还田物料处理，设绿肥联合麦秸还田（W-GS）、绿肥单独还田（W-G）和麦后休闲（W-F）3个水平；副区为施氮量，设地方常规施氮量（N1，225 kg N·hm^-2）、减氮约15%（N2，190 kg N·hm^-2）、减氮约30%（N3，155 kg N·hm^-2）和减氮约45%（N4，120 kg N·hm^-2）4个水平。测定春小麦顶端展开叶片的叶绿素值（SPAD值）、光合特性和籽粒产量。【结果】减量施氮对春小麦籽粒产量呈负效应，而绿肥联合麦秸还田能补偿这种效应，甚至增加春小麦籽粒产量。同一施氮量下，W-GS、W-G处理的春小麦较W-F分别增产15.3%和9.4%，W-GS较W-G增产5.4%；W-F的春小麦籽粒产量随施氮量的减少呈降低趋势，而W-GS的春小麦籽粒产量N3与N1处理间无显著差异；W-GSN3较W-GSN1和W-FN1均未减产。绿肥联合麦秸还田能改善减量施氮春小麦的叶片光合特性。与同一施氮量下W-G和W-F相比，W-GS的春小麦叶片SPAD值、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和叶片水分利用效率（LWUE）均显著提高；随施氮量的减少，W-F的春小麦叶片SPAD值、P_n、G_s、T_r、LWUE均显著降低，而W-GS的春小麦相关指标在N3与N1之间无显著差异；组合处理之间相比较，W-GSN3与W-GSN1和W-FN1的春小麦光合特性指标之间无显著差异。W-GS较W-F使春小麦光能利用率（LUE）提高了5.2%；W-F的春小麦LUE随施氮量的减少呈降低趋势，而W-GS的春小麦LUE在N3与N1之间差异不显著；W-GSN3的春小麦LUE与W-GSN1和W-FN1相比未显著降低。通径分析结果表明，本研究条件下春小麦的叶片气孔导度对其净光合速率、蒸腾速率的调控作用较大，进而影响千粒重而决定籽粒产量。【结论】绿肥联合麦秸还田主要通过改善春小麦叶片光合特性而提高春小麦千粒重，最终使减氮约30%处理的春小麦不减产。因此，绿肥联合麦秸还田结合施氮155 kg·hm^-2可推荐为干旱绿洲灌区春小麦复种绿肥节氮高效型生产模式。

关键词: 春小麦, 绿肥, 麦秸还田, 氮肥减量, 光合特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green manure combined with wheat straw returning application on grain yield and leaf photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different nitrogen reduction levels, which could provide theoretical basis and technical support for establishing spring wheat multiple cropping with green manure saving and efficient production pattern.【Method】The experiment was conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University in 2022 and 2023. The split-plot designed experiment was adopted. The main plot was designed with different returning materials at three levels, including green manure and wheat straw combined returning application (W-GS), green manure returning application alone (W-G), and fallowing after wheat harvesting (W-F). The split plot was designed with four nitrogen application levels, including conventional nitrogen application rate (N1, 225 kg N·hm^-2), nitrogen application rate reduced about 15% (N2,190 kg N·hm^-2), about 30% (N3,155 kg N·hm^-2), and about 45% (N4, 120 kg N·hm^-2). The chlorophyll value (SPAD value), photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of the top expending leaf of spring wheat was measured, and the leaf water use efficiency and light energy utilization efficiency was analyzed.【Result】Negative effect of nitrogen reduced application was observed on the grain yield of spring wheat, however, this effect was compensated even the grain yield of spring wheat was increased by green manure combined with wheat straw returning application. With the same nitrogen application rate, compared with that of W-F, the grain yield of spring wheat under W-GS and W-G increased by 15.3% and 9.4%, respectively, and the grain yield of spring wheat with W-GS was increased by 5.4% than that of W-G. The grain yield of spring wheat under W-F was decreased by the decreasing of nitrogen application rate, while that of W-GS had no significant difference between N3 and N1. The grain yield under W-GSN3 was not reduced compared with that under W-GSN1 and W-FN1. The photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat leaf with nitrogen reduced application rate was improved by green manure combined with wheat straw returning application. The SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), transpiration rate (T_r) and leaf water use efficiency (LWUE) of spring wheat leaf under W-GS were significantly increased, respectively, compared with that of W-G and W-F under the same nitrogen application rate. With the decreasing of nitrogen application rate, the SPAD value, P_n, G_s, T_r and LWUE of spring wheat leaf under W-F was decreased significantly, however, there was no significant difference between N3 and N1 in W-GS. Comparison between combined treatments, there was no significant difference in photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat under W-GSN3 compared with W-GSN1 and W-FN1. The light use efficiency (LUE) of spring wheat was significantly increased by 5.2% W-GS than that of W-F. The LUE of spring wheat with W-F decreased by the decreasing of nitrogen application rate, however, the LUE of spring wheat with W-GS was not significant difference between N3 and N1. There was no significant difference was observed in the LUE of spring wheat under W-GSN3 compared with that under W-GSN1 and W-FN1. The results of the path analysis indicated that, the grain yield of spring wheat was mainly determined by thousand kernel weight, which was affected by the regulation on net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate via stomatal conductance of spring wheat leaf.【Conclusion】The green manure and wheat straw combined returning application mainly increased the thousand kernel weight of spring wheat by improving the photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat leaf, and finally did not reduce the grain yield of spring wheat under 30% nitrogen reduced application rate. Therefore, the green manure and wheat straw combined returning application under nitrogen application rate of 155 kg·hm^-2 was recommended as a nitrogen saving and efficient production pattern of spring wheat multiple cropping with green manure in arid oasis irrigation region.

Key words: spring wheat, green manure, wheat straw returning application, nitrogen fertilizer reduced application, photosynthetic characteristics, yield

张欢欢, 张刁亮, 王晓丽, 陈寒, 邵娟, 殷文, 胡发龙, 柴强, 樊志龙. 绿肥联合麦秸还田对减量施氮春小麦光合特性和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(17): 3461-3472.

ZHANG HuanHuan, ZHANG DiaoLiang, WANG XiaoLi, CHEN Han, SHAO Juan, YIN Wen, HU FaLong, CHAI Qiang, FAN ZhiLong. Effects of Green Manure and Wheat Straw Combined Returning Application on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Spring Wheat Under Reduced Nitrogen Levels[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(17): 3461-3472.

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年份 Year	还田物料 Return materials	减氮水平 Nitrogen reduction levels	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	产量构成因素Yield components
年份 Year	还田物料 Return materials	减氮水平 Nitrogen reduction levels	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	单位面积穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	千粒重 Thousand-kernel weight (g)
2022	W-GS	N1	8513.6a	767.7a	37.1a	42.8a
		N2	8436.5ab	754.3ab	36.8a	42.6ab
		N3	8291.2abc	741.0b	36.2ab	41.7abc
		N4	7731.7d	680.7e	34.7cd	39.3d
	W-G	N1	8230.5bc	732.7cd	35.6b	41.3bc
		N2	8080.7c	731.3cd	35.4bc	41.1c
		N3	7548.6de	671.3ef	33.7e	38.1de
		N4	7333.2ef	653.3gh	33.2ef	37.1e
	W-F	N1	8038.5c	722.2d	35.3bc	41.0c
		N2	7027.1f	664.4fg	33.9de	37.5e
		N3	6707.8g	651.7h	32.7fg	35.6f
		N4	6363.9h	630.3i	32.2g	33.5g
2023	W-GS	N1	8584.9a	761.3a	37.3a	43.1a
		N2	8477.8ab	752.3ab	37.0a	42.9a
		N3	8315.9abc	743.3bc	36.4ab	42.0ab
		N4	7756.5d	683.0e	35.1cd	39.0c
	W-G	N1	8284.1bc	734.0cd	36.1b	41.9ab
		N2	8143.6c	732.3cd	35.8bc	41.4b
		N3	7688.2d	664.7f	33.8ef	38.3cd
		N4	7404.12e	651.4g	33.3fg	37.5d
	W-F	N1	8194.8c	727.7d	35.6bc	41.3b
		N2	7456.3e	670.3f	34.3de	37.7cd
		N3	6964.3f	650.3g	33.2fg	35.9e
		N4	6582.1g	631.7h	32.7g	33.6f
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
还田物料Return materials, R			**	**	**	**
减氮水平Nitrogen reduction levels, N			**	**	**	**
还田物料×减氮水平R×N			**	**	*	**