行比配置对玉米大豆带状复合种植系统冠层光合特性及产量形成的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.23.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 探究不同行比配置对玉米大豆带状复合种植下群体冠层光分布、各冠层光合特性及产量形成的影响，为玉米大豆带状复合种植系统作物高产高光效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】 于2023—2024年，在大田试验条件下，以SM（单作玉米）和SS（单作大豆）为对照，设置4个玉米大豆带状复合种植行比配置，分别为四行玉米、六行大豆（4M6S），四行玉米、四行大豆（4M4S），三行玉米、四行大豆（3M4S），两行玉米、四行大豆（2M4S），玉米种植密度均为67 500株/hm²，SS、4M6S、4M4S、3M4S、2M4S处理大豆种植密度分别为160 000、153 144、128 351、151 068、183 556株/hm²，分析不同行比配置对复合群体冠层内部光分布及光合性能和产量的影响。【结果】 4M4S处理下，玉米具有较高的叶面积指数（LAI）和中部透光率，4M4S叶面积指数分别较4M6S、3M4S、2M4S、SM处理高4.07%、4.41%、4.71%、5.46%，玉米R1期穗位叶透光率4M4S分别较SM、2M4S、4M6S、3M4S处理高9.76%、21.11%、46.83%、48.16%。同时4M4S处理增加了玉米下部叶片的净光合速率，分别比3M4S、4M6S提高10.45%、8.58%，整体辐射能值利用率表现为4M4S分别较4M6S、3M4S、2M4S处理高1.38%、6.69%、8.01%，因此，4M4S处理具有较强的光合能力。4M4S处理下玉米和大豆产量表现最高，4M6S、4M4S、3M4S、2M4S 2年平均玉米产量分别为8.88、9.22、8.44、8.86 t·hm^-2，大豆产量分别为1.44、1.44、1.37、1.29 t·hm^-2，各间作模式土地当量比均>1.27。行比配置显著影响玉米大豆的种间关系，玉米相对大豆攻击力3M4S、4M6S、2M4S处理分别是4M4S的3.91、4.41和11.32倍，相对拥挤系数2023年3M4S最小，4M4S次之，2024年4M4S分别低于3M4S、4M6S、2M4S处理3.19%、10.58%、21.82%，在保证玉米产量的同时增收大豆。【结论】 4M4S处理致使玉米光拦截增加，改善了玉米群体中下层透光率，内外行各层植株叶片能保持较强的光合能力，也维持了大豆植株的光合能力，系统辐射能值利用率提升，产量和土地当量比显著增加，种间竞争力、相对拥挤系数和净效应相对最小，是本试验条件下最适宜的行比配置。

关键词: 玉米大豆间作, 叶面积指数, 冠层光分布, 光合性能, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the effects of different row ratio configurations on canopy light distribution, layer-specific photosynthesis, and crop yield formation in a maize-soybean strip intercropping system, thereby providing a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-light-efficiency cultivation. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted under field conditions during the 2023-2024 growing seasons, with monoculture maize (SM) and monoculture soybean (SS) serving as controls. Four maize-soybean strip intercropping configurations were established: four rows of maize with six rows of soybean (4M6S), four rows of maize with four rows of soybean (4M4S), three rows of maize with four rows of soybean (3M4S), and two rows of maize with four rows of soybean (2M4S). The planting density of maize was consistently maintained at 67 500 plants/hm² across all intercropping treatments. The soybean planting densities under SS, 4M6S, 4M4S, 3M4S, and 2M4S treatments were 160 000, 153 144, 128 351, 151 068, and 183 556 plants/hm², respectively, and the effects of different row ratios on the light distribution, photosynthetic performance and yield in the canopy of the composite population were analyzed. 【Result】 The 4M4S treatment resulted in a higher leaf area index (LAI) and greater light transmittance in the middle canopy layer in maize. The LAI under 4M4S was 4.07%, 4.41%, 4.71%, and 5.46% higher than that under 4M6S, 3M4S, 2M4S, and SM, respectively. At the R1 stage, the light transmittance at the ear leaf of maize under 4M4S was 9.76%, 21.11%, 46.83%, and 48.16% higher than that under SM, 2M4S, 4M6S, and 3M4S, respectively. Concurrently, the 4M4S treatment enhanced the net photosynthetic rate of the lower leaves in maize, which was 10.45% and 8.58% higher than that under 3M4S and 4M6S, respectively. The overall radiation use efficiency (RUE) under 4M4S was 1.38%, 6.69%, and 8.01% higher than that under 4M6S, 3M4S, and 2M4S, respectively, demonstrating a stronger photosynthetic capacity under this treatment. The 4M4S treatment achieved the highest yields for both maize and soybean. The two-year average maize yields for 4M6S, 4M4S, 3M4S, and 2M4S were 8.88, 9.22, 8.44, and 8.86 t·hm^-2, respectively, while the corresponding soybean yields were 1.44, 1.44, 1.37, and 1.29 t·hm^-2, respectively. The land equivalent ratio (LER) for all intercropping patterns exceeded 1.27. Row ratio configuration significantly influenced interspecific relationships between maize and soybean. The aggressivity of maize relative to soybean under 3M4S, 4M6S, and 2M4S treatment was 3.91, 4.41, and 11.32 times that under 4M4S treatment, respectively. In 2023, the relative crowding coefficient was the smallest under 3M4S, followed by 4M4S; in 2024, the value for 4M4S was 3.19%, 10.58%, and 21.82% lower than that under 3M4S, 4M6S, and 2M4S, respectively. Thus, the 4M4S treatment effectively ensured maize yield while simultaneously increasing soybean production. 【Conclusion】 The 4M4S treatment enhanced maize light interception, thereby improving light transmittance within the middle and lower canopy layers of the maize population. This configuration enabled leaves across different canopy positions—both inner and outer rows—to maintain high photosynthetic capacity, while also preserving the photosynthetic performance of soybean plants. Consequently, the system's radiation use efficiency was significantly improved, and both crop yield and land equivalent ratio were markedly increased. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in the smallest values for interspecific competitiveness, relative crowding coefficient, and net effect among all configurations. Therefore, the 4M4S treatment was identified as the most suitable row ratio configuration under the experimental conditions.

Key words: maize-soybean intercropping, leaf area index, canopy light distribution, photosynthetic performance, yield

宋旭辉, 赵雪盈, 赵斌, 任佰朝, 张吉旺, 刘鹏, 任昊. 行比配置对玉米大豆带状复合种植系统冠层光合特性及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(23): 4858-4871.

SONG XuHui, ZHAO XueYing, ZHAO Bin, REN BaiZhao, ZHANG JiWang, LIU Peng, REN Hao. Effects of Row Ratio Allocation on Light Distribution and Photosynthetic Production Capacity of Maize-Soybean Strip Intercropping[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4858-4871.

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图/表 8

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表3

不同模式下大豆产量及其构成因素"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	边内行处理 Side-in-line treatment	公顷株数 Actual ear (×10⁴·hm^-2)	株粒数 Number of grains per plant	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	实际产量 Actual yield (t·hm^-2)
2023	SS	SS	14.37±0.42A	88.13±2.50A	26.18±0.25A	2.65±0.06A
		4M6S-SS	3.50±0.20b	70.67±3.10ab	23.96±0.49c	0.40±0.01c
		4M6S-SI1	3.90±0.01a	66.42±2.63b	24.89±0.55b	0.47±0.01b
		4M6S-SI2	3.81±0.07a	72.27±4.35a	25.85±0.21a	0.58±0.03a
	4M6S		11.19±0.22B	69.79±3.11C	24.90±0.19D	1.47±0.02B
		4M4S-SS	4.97±0.03b	72.27±4.77b	24.75±0.29a	0.68±0.02b
		4M4S-SI	5.13±0.14a	79.07±3.41a	24.71±0.32a	0.79±0.02a
	4M4S		10.80±0.19C	75.67±2.85B	24.73±0.10D	1.48±0.03B
		3M4S-SS	5.36±0.18ab	68.60±1.71a	24.79±0.25a	0.62±0.01b
		3M4S-SI	5.51±0.04a	68.87±1.62a	25.71±0.34a	0.77±0.02a
	3M4S		10.87±0.21C	68.73±1.33C	25.25±0.12C	1.38±0.02C
		2M4S-SS	4.95±0.17a	62.27±2.04b	25.87±0.34a	0.57±0.02b
		2M4S-SI	4.87±0.21ab	72.47±1.40a	25.97±0.48a	0.78±0.03a
	2M4S		10.81±0.27C	67.37±0.59C	25.92±0.06D	1.33±0.03D
2024	SS	SS	15.50±1.03A	106.17±5.88A	22.37±0.61BC	2.38±0.10A
		4M6S-SS	2.44±0.16b	43.67±3.20c	22.97±0.58a	0.32±0.01c
		4M6S-SI1	3.67±0.24a	52.83±2.99b	22.27±0.25b	0.44±0.01b
		4M6S-SI2	3.63±0.24a	63.67±3.08a	22.13±0.13b	0.65±0.03a
	4M6S		10.59±0.20C	63.22±5.21B	22.54±0.15A	1.41±0.05B
		4M4S-SS	5.54±0.25b	42.67±4.55b	22.26±0.16b	0.67±0.02b
		4M4S-SI	5.96±0.10a	54.33±4.59a	22.91±0.09a	0.72±0.01a
	4M4S		11.49±0.21B	57.83±2.93B	22.59±0.12A	1.39±0.03B
		3M4S-SS	5.31±0.42b	48.83±3.37ab	22.43±0.16b	0.57±0.01b
		3M4S-SI	6.34±0.31a	50.86±3.29a	22.86±0.16a	0.79±0.10a
	3M4S		11.65±0.19B	51.00±3.28B	22.65±0.06A	1.36±0.09B
		2M4S-SS	4.90±0.17b	48.86±5.21a	22.23±0.34b	0.54±0.02b
		2M4S-SI	5.43±0.06a	49.71±4.11a	23.25±0.37a	0.71±0.03a
	2M4S		10.33±0.12C	48.67±2.44B	22.74±0.39A	1.25±0.04C

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	边内行处理 Side-in-line treatment	公顷穗数 Actual ear (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Spike grain number	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	实际产量 Actual yield (t·hm^-2)
2023	SM		6.52±0.06A	644.22±4.83AB	336.35±1.17A	12.01±0.13A
		4M6S-MS	3.21±0.02b	564.34±2.55a	294.01±3.47a	4.99±0.19a
		4M6S-MI	3.44±0.03a	530.06±5.20b	278.09±2.91b	4.58±0.18b
	4M6S		6.65±0.04A	597.20±2.97B	286.05±0.57C	9.62±0.15C
		4M4S-MS	3.21±0.05b	565.84±2.90a	306.60±1.61a	5.33±0.16a
		4M4S-MI	3.34±0.03a	542.96±3.75b	286.01±1.30b	4.49±0.11b
	4M4S		6.56±0.03A	602.73±3.87A	295.31±0.86B	9.96±0.06B
		3M4S-MS	3.35±0.03a	545.60±2.23a	284.57±2.03a	4.96±0.20a
		3M4S-MI	3.23±0.06b	484.89±4.12b	271.64±3.71b	3.94±0.21b
	3M4S		6.58±0.75A	565.24±3.17D	278.11±1.10E	8.93±0.13E
	2M4S		6.61±0.11A	583.13±6.28C	281.51±0.67D	9.30±0.03D
2024	SM		6.56±0.10A	592.09±1.82A	269.07±0.68A	10.21±1.11A
		4M6S-MS	3.15±0.09b	546.36±4.34a	268.37±0.70a	4.33±0.14a
		4M6S-MI	3.37±0.07a	504.36±8.41b	257.92±1.15b	3.81±0.06b
	4M6S		6.53±0.05A	525.36±4.95C	263.10±0.82B	8.14±0.18BC
		4M4S-MS	3.19±0.03b	555.24±3.87a	265.58±3.10a	4.43±0.30a
		4M4S-MI	3.38±0.03a	516.13±6.16b	259.43±2.60ab	4.04±0.19b
	4M4S		6.57±0.01A	535.69±3.47B	262.50±2.69B	8.47±0.13B
		3M4S-MS	3.41±0.07a	488.04±3.77a	260.09±4.53a	4.01±0.09a
		3M4S-MI	3.20±0.06b	474.49±6.34b	249.56±1.19b	3.93±0.14ab
	3M4S		6.61±0.06A	481.27±3.33E	254.83±1.84C	7.94±0.09C
	2M4S		6.57±0.04A	478.44±4.18D	254.75±4.76C	8.41±0.10BC

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	辐射能值利用率 Solar energy utilization efficiency (%)	土地当量比 Land equivalent ratio	净效应 Net effect	攻击力 Ams	相对拥挤系数 Relative congestion factor
2023	4M6S	9.52±0.10b	1.36±0.01b	3822.09±109.10b	0.52±0.06b	5.20±0.19ab
	4M4S	9.70±0.09a	1.39±0.01a	3407.32±74.11c	0.12±0.02d	4.56±0.28b
	3M4S	8.89±0.13c	1.27±0.02c	2975.63±144.48d	0.44±0.02c	3.18±0.27c
	2M4S	8.87±0.12c	1.28±0.02c	4302.84±25.89a	1.14±0.04a	5.39±0.37a
	SM	5.23±0.01d
	SS	9.60±0.02b
2024	4M6S	8.57±0.26ab	1.38±0.01b	3275.38±146.16b	0.45±0.07b	5.67±0.42ab
	4M4S	8.64±0.16a	1.41±0.01a	2920.36±152.54c	0.10±0.02c	4.55±0.59bc
	3M4S	8.30±0.36b	1.34±0.02c	2980.25±116.74c	0.42±0.01b	4.70±0.46c
	2M4S	8.11±0.19c	1.27±0.03d	4005.18±130.52a	1.35±0.01a	5.82±0.72a
	SM	4.45±0.05d
	SS	8.62±0.04a