黑色全膜覆盖对高粱根区土壤温湿度的影响及杂草抑制效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在雨养旱作地区,土壤温度、水分和耕作措施是影响作物生长和产量的重要因素。明确雨养旱作区高粱生产中全膜覆盖对高粱根区土壤环境条件的影响及对杂草的抑制效应,为促进高粱增产奠定基础。【方法】在山西省农业科学院高粱研究所修文试验基地,以高粱品种晋糯3号为材料,采用顺序排列设计,于2017和2018年分别开展黑色全膜覆盖、白色全膜覆盖和裸地栽培试验,分析不同处理对高粱根区0—15 cm土壤日地温、0—200 cm土层土壤含水率、杂草的抑制效应和高粱生长、产量及效益的影响。【结果】黑色全膜覆盖能有效提高高粱各生育期耕层土壤温度,与白色全膜覆盖处理相比,0—15 cm土壤日地温平均降低1.14℃（P<0.05）;同时,黑色全膜覆盖具有与白色全膜覆盖基本相同的保墒效果,各土层土壤平均含水率略高于白色全膜覆盖区,较裸地平均提高1.89个百分点,并可显著（P<0.05）提高裸地0—160 cm土层的土壤含水率。黑色全膜覆盖显著降低高粱田间杂草发生量,对阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达96%和93%以上,防效优于白色全膜覆盖（P<0.05）,具有更为彻底的杂草防控作用。黑色全膜覆盖对高粱出苗率、穗长、一级枝梗数、穗粒数等性状无明显影响,但对高粱株高、株高整齐度、生育期、千粒重、产量及效益有影响。黑色全膜覆盖60 d高粱的株高及株高整齐度高于白色全膜覆盖;黑色全膜覆盖生育期与裸地基本相当,而白色全膜覆盖生育期较短,较裸地缩短4—6 d;黑色全膜覆盖千粒重、产量显著（P<0.05）高于白色全膜覆盖和裸地处理,2017和2018年千粒重较白色全膜覆盖分别增加3.72%和3.78%,较裸地分别增加6.95%和7.06%;产量较白色全膜覆盖分别提高6.72%和6.94%,较裸地分别提高19.27%和20.03%;2017和2018年黑色全膜覆盖较白色全膜覆盖分别增收1 529.82和1 599.76元/hm ²,较裸地分别增收3 025.38和3 215.52元/hm ²。【结论】建议在雨养旱作区高粱生产中,采用黑色全膜覆盖替代白色全膜覆盖,促进高粱高产。

关键词: 黑色全膜覆盖, 高粱, 土壤含水率和温度, 杂草抑制, 性状

Abstract:

【Objective】Soil temperature, moisture and tillage measures are important factors affecting crop growth and yield in rain-fed arid areas. It is of great significance to clarify the effect of full-film mulching on the soil environmental conditions in the root of sorghum, as well as its inhibitory effect on weeds, in order to promote the increase of sorghum yield in rain-fed arid areas. 【Method】The experimental site is located in The Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences test base. Jinnuo 3 is the tested variety. The experiment adopts sequential arrangement design. Black full-film mulching, white full-film mulching and bare land cultivation experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The effects of full-film mulching on the daily temperature of 0-15cm soil in the root zone of sorghum, soil moisture content of 0-200 cm soil layer, weed control, the growth, yield and benefit of sorghum were analyzed.【Result】The results showed that black full-film mulching could effectively improve the soil temperature of the surface layer in each growth period, soil temperature was lower and made the daily temperature of 0-15cm soil by an average of 1.14℃（P<0.05）, compared with the white full-film mulching . The black and white full-film mulching provided the same degree of soil moisture conservation, the average soil moisture content of each soil layer was slightly higher than white full-film mulching. and increased by 1.89 percentage points on average compared with bare land cultivation, which significantly increased （P<0.05）the moisture content of 0-160 cm soil layer. The black full-film mulching significantly reduced the amount of sorghum weeds in the field. The control effect on broadleaf weeds and grass weeds reached 96% and 93% respectively, which was superior to the white full-film mulching（P<0.05）and had more thorough weed control effect. It was no obvious influence on sorghum seedling rate, ear length, number of first-stage branches and grain number per ear, but had an effect on sorghum plant height, plant height uniformity, birth stage, thousand grain weight, yield and benefit when sorghum was planted on black full-film mulching . The plant height and plant height uniformity of sorghum covered with the black full film for 60 days were higher than that covered with white full-film. The growth period of black full-film mulching sorghum was the same as that of bare land cultivation, while that of white full-film mulching sorghum was shorter, shorter by 4-6 days than that of bare sorghum. The thousand-grain weight and yield of black full-film mulching were significantly higher than that of white full-film mulching and bare land cultivation (P<0.05). Compared with white full-film mulching, the thousand-grain weight increased by 3.72% and 3.78% respectively, and 6.95% and 7.06% respectively compared with bare land cultivation. The yield was 6.72% and 6.94% higher than that of the whole white full-film mulching, 19.27% and 20.03% higher than that of bare land cultivation, respectively. The black full-film mulching increased 1 529.82 yuan/hm ² and 1 599.76 yuan/hm ² respectively compared with the white full-film mulching, and 3 025.38 yuan/hm ² and 3 215.52 yuan/hm ² respectively compared with the bare one.【Conclusion】It is suggested that black full-film mulching should be used instead of the traditional white full-film mulching in sorghum production in rain-fed arid areas, so as to promote the high yield of sorghum.

Key words: black full-film mulching, sorghum, soil temperature and moisture, weed control, traits

张建华,郭瑞峰,曹昌林,白文斌. 黑色全膜覆盖对高粱根区土壤温湿度的影响及杂草抑制效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(22): 4129-4138.

ZHANG JianHua,GUO RuiFeng,CAO ChangLin,BAI WenBin. Effects of Black Full Film Mulching on Soil Temperature and Humidity and Weed Control in Root Zone of Sorghum[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(22): 4129-4138.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2019/V52/I22/4129

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日期（年-月-日） Date (Year-month-day)	处理 Treatment	阔叶杂草 Broadleaf weeds				禾本科杂草 Grass weeds
日期（年-月-日） Date (Year-month-day)	处理 Treatment	杂草密度 Weed density (株/m²)	株防效 Plant control effect (%)	杂草鲜重 Weeds fresh weight (g·m^-2)	鲜重防效 Control effect of fresh weight (%)	杂草密度 Weed density (株/m²)	株防效 Plant control effect (%)	杂草鲜重 Weeds fresh weight (g·m^-2)	鲜重防效 Control effect of fresh weight (%)
2017-06-02	黑色宽膜 Black full film	4a	96.19b	10.56a	97.22b	7a	92.05b	13.56a	95.24b
	白色宽膜 White full film	25b	76.19a	78.28b	79.41a	18b	79.55a	43.65b	84.69a
	CK	105c		380.22c		88c		285.12c
2017-06-17	黑色宽膜 Black full film	2a	98.40b	6.33a	98.97b	3a	97.48b	8.05a	98.62b
	白色宽膜 White full film	18b	85.60a	75.26b	87.77a	18b	84.87a	58.65b	89.98a
	CK	125c		615.25c		119c		585.12c
2018-06-03	黑色宽膜 Black full film	4a	95.92b	9.33a	97.20b	7a	90.67b	12.33a	94.89b
	白色宽膜 White full film	24b	75.51a	74.31b	77.70a	20b	73.33a	46.77b	80.60a
	CK	98c		333.22c		75c		241.08c
2018-06-18	黑色宽膜 Black full film	3a	97.46b	7.88a	98.10b	6a	94.39b	11.21a	96.75b
	白色宽膜 White full film	21b	82.20a	64.45b	84.48a	20b	81.30a	48.65b	85.90a
	CK	118c		415.25c		107c		345.12c

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	出苗率 Seedling rate (%)	30d株高 30d plant height (cm)	60d株高 60d plant height (cm)	株高整齐度 Uniformity of plant height	生育期 Birth stage(d)
2017	黑色宽膜 Black full film	93.33a	36.00b	160.03c	13.15b	124b
	白色宽膜 White full film	93.91a	37.33b	140.36b	15.22b	121a
	CK	90.45a	32.67a	135.25a	10.25a	125b
2018	黑色宽膜 Black full film	96.45a	37.22b	165.26c	15.69b	125b
	白色宽膜 White full film	96.78a	38.83b	142.54b	16.26b	120a
	CK	91.33a	33.45a	136.89a	10.89a	126b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗长 Ear length (cm)	一级枝梗数Number of first-stage branches	穗粒数 Grain number per ear (grains/ear)	千粒重 1000 grain mass (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	总产值 Gross output (yuan/hm²)	比较经济效益 Comparative economic benefits (yuan/hm²)
2017	黑色宽膜 Black full film	34.50a	72.08a	158.69a	29.23c	12150.47c	23400.94c	_
	白色宽膜 White full film	33.72a	71.56a	155.25a	28.18b	11385.56b	21871.12b	-1529.82a
	CK	32.60a	70.30a	125.02a	27.33a	10187.78a	20375.56a	-3025.38b
2018	黑色宽膜 Black full film	34.62a	73.56a	167.58a	29.86c	12330.21c	23760.42c	_
	白色宽膜 White full film	33.89a	72.25a	156.89a	28.77b	11530.33b	22160.66b	-1599.76a
	CK	32.75a	71.44a	127.56a	27.89a	10272.45a	20544.9a	-3215.52b