关键生育期调亏灌溉对赣南脐橙果实生长与产量品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.24.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确不同土壤墒情（以土壤含水率为量化指标）对南方红壤丘陵区脐橙果实生长、产量和品质的影响，为建立赣南脐橙优质高效生产的调亏灌溉制度提供理论依据。【方法】以赣南地区6年生纽荷尔脐橙为试材，基于田间持水率（θ_f）的不同百分比划定4个水分梯度：调亏灌溉L（75%—85% θ_f）、M（65%—75% θ_f）、S（60%—70% θ_f）与充分灌溉FI（>85% θ_f），分析果实膨大期（III期）与转色成熟期（IV期）两个关键生育阶段下，不同土壤水分条件对果实膨大、转色过程以及果实产量、水分利用效率和各项品质指标的影响，采用主成分分析法（PCA）构建果实品质综合评价体系，对各处理进行量化评分与排序。【结果】III期果实生长迅速，调亏灌溉显著影响果实生长速率，均值较FI降低10.96%，但III-M处理复水后呈现良好补偿效应，生长速率高于FI。此阶段转色进程缓慢，各处理间果实色泽指数CCI无显著差异。产量与品质分析表明，III期调亏灌溉可显著提升果实综合品质但抑制产量，III-S和III-M处理果实综合品质最优，其可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和VC含量明显提升，而产量分别仅为最高产处理的57.41%和64.19%，证实该阶段重度水分胁迫不具生产可行性。Ⅳ期果实生长速率显著降低并呈现加速下降趋势，至转色末期趋于停滞。各处理果实色泽指数CCI呈现加速上升特征，其中III-S、IV-L和IV-M处理的转色程度较FI最为显著（P<0.05），分别提高20.38%、12.99%和10.57%。IV期调亏灌溉可实现产量、品质与水分利用效率的协同提升，与FI相比，IV-M处理使可溶性固形物与可溶性糖含量分别提高3.37%与1.18%，产量提高23.56%；IV-S处理重度水分胁迫使果实糖分分别下降5.74%与3.15%，产量降低8.05%，证实IV期调亏存在最优土壤水分阈值。【结论】IV-M处理既实现最高单株产量15.05 kg与水分利用效率16.89 kg·m^-3，也使综合品质得分排序第3，为权衡高产与优质的最优决策。在果实膨大期维持>85% θ_f、转色成熟期维持65%—75% θ_f的土壤墒情，为适宜赣南地区脐橙种植的最优水分管理方案。

关键词: 土壤墒情, 脐橙, 调亏灌溉, 果实品质, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study is to clarify the effects of different soil moisture conditions (quantified by soil water content) on navel orange fruit growth, yield and quality in the southern red soil hilly area, and to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of a regulated deficit irrigation system for the high-quality and high-efficiency production of navel oranges in Gannan.【Method】Using 6-year-old Newhall navel oranges in Gannan as test material, four water treatment gradients were defined based on different percentages of field capacity (θ_f): regulated deficit irrigation L (75%-85% θ_f ), M (65%-75% θ_f ), S (60%-70% θ_f ), and full irrigation FI (>85% θ_f). The effects of different soil moisture conditions on fruit expansion and color change process, fruit yield, water use efficiency and different quality indicators were analyzed during two key growth stages: the fruit expansion stage (stage III) and the color transition and ripening stage (stage IV). A comprehensive evaluation system for fruit quality was constructed using principal component analysis (PCA) to conduct quantitative scoring and ranking of each treatment.【Result】During stage III, the fruits grew rapidly. Regulated deficit irrigation significantly affected the fruit growth rate, with the average rate decreasing by 10.96% compared with that of FI. However, after rewatering, the III-M treatment exhibited a good compensatory effect, and its growth rate was higher than that of FI. The color transition process was slow at this stage, and there was no significant difference in the citrus color index (CCI) among all treatments. The analysis of yield and quality showed that the regulated deficit irrigation at stage III significantly improved the comprehensive quality of the fruits, but suppressed the yield. The III-S and III-M treatments had the best overall fruit quality, with significantly higher contents of total soluble solid, soluble sugars and VC, but the yields were only 57.41% and 64.19% of the highest-yield treatments, respectively. This confirmed that severe water stress at this stage was not feasible in production. During stage IV, the fruit growth rate was significantly reduced and showed an accelerated downward trend, which tended to stagnate at the end of color transition. Citrus color index (CCI) showed an accelerated increase, of which III-S, IV-L and IV-M treatments showed the most significant (P<0.05) degree of color change compared with FI, with an increase of 20.38%, 12.99% and 10.57%, respectively. The implementation of regulated deficit irrigation at stage IV resulted in a synergistic increase in yield, quality and water use efficiency. Compared with FI, IV-M treatment increased total soluble solids and soluble sugars content by 3.37% and 1.18%, respectively, and increased yield by 23.56%; IV-S treatment with severe water stress decreased total soluble solids and soluble sugars content by 5.74% and 3.15%, respectively, and decreased yield by 8.05%, confirming that there is an optimal soil water threshold for the IV stage of deficit adjustment.【Conclusion】The IV-M treatment not only achieved the highest single-plant yield of 15.05 kg and water use efficiency of 16.89 kg·m^-3, but also ranked third in comprehensive fruit quality score, establishing it as the optimal strategy for balancing high productivity and superior quality. Maintaining soil water content at >85% θ_f during the fruit expansion stage and 65%-75% θ_f during the color transition and ripening stage is identified as the optimal water management strategy for navel orange cultivation in Gannan region.

Key words: soil moisture content, navel orange, regulated deficit irrigation, fruit quality, yield

褚添硕, 陈晓安, 朱瑾瑾, 王策, 娄伟. 关键生育期调亏灌溉对赣南脐橙果实生长与产量品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(24): 5247-5258.

CHU TianShuo, CHEN XiaoAn, ZHU JinJin, WANG Ce, LOU Wei. Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Gannan Navel Orange During Critical Fertility Period[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(24): 5247-5258.

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处理 Treatment	单果质量 Single fruit weight (g)	果实体积 Fruit volume (cm³)	果形指数 Fruit shape index	果皮硬度 Peel hardness (kg·cm^-2)	色泽指数 CCI	出汁率 Juicing rate (%)	可溶性固形物 Soluble solid (%)	可滴定酸 Titratable acid (%)	VC (mg·100 g^-1)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)
FI	346.79±14.40ab	391.49±15.77ab	1.08±0.03a	7.66±0.56a	7.85±0.37d	35.87±4.40b	10.98±0.15c	0.62±0.16ab	44.61±1.79b	10.17±0.44c
III-L	328.89±33.35bc	364.31±38.95bc	1.08±0.02a	7.96±0.53a	7.88±0.38d	40.89±1.93ab	10.98±0.31c	0.52±0.04bc	46.91±2.26b	10.45±0.28bc
III-M	387.17±26.59a	435.73±39.26a	1.08±0.02a	7.40±0.39a	8.17±0.42bcd	39.02±3.35ab	11.60±0.52b	0.65±0.05a	48.07±4.53b	11.01±0.14b
III-S	292.99±21.08c	328.39±29.28c	1.09±0.03a	7.33±0.51a	9.45±0.68a	41.31±3.15ab	13.90±0.51a	0.62±0.05ab	56.40±3.26a	13.14±0.61a
IV-L	362.19±48.30ab	410.59±51.85ab	1.10±0.03a	7.49±0.80a	8.87±0.50ab	38.46±1.18ab	10.98±0.43c	0.47±0.06c	44.16±2.42b	10.12±0.37c
IV-M	389.16±10.94a	443.61±22.68a	1.10±0.03a	7.54±0.42a	8.68±0.66bc	41.36±2.61a	11.35±0.31bc	0.69±0.02a	44.27±2.51b	10.29±0.60c
IV-S	354.75±12.36ab	394.70±25.54ab	1.11±0.03a	8.08±0.59a	8.05±0.13cd	39.12±4.38ab	10.35±0.31d	0.53±0.04bc	44.86±4.04b	9.85±0.50c
平均值 Average value	351.71	395.55	1.09	7.64	8.42	39.43	11.45	0.58	47.04	10.72
标准差 Standard deviation	33.59	40.11	0.01	0.28	0.60	1.97	1.15	0.08	4.38	1.13
变异系数 Variation coefficient (%)	9.55	10.14	1.28	3.71	7.09	4.99	10.04	13.67	9.32	10.51

处理 Treatment	主成分得分Principal component score				综合得分Comprehensive score	排序 Ranking
处理 Treatment	F₁	F₂	F₃	F₄	F	排序 Ranking
FI	-1.574	-1.098	-0.097	-0.225	-1.070	7
III-L	-0.758	0.576	0.127	0.574	-0.178	5
III-M	0.383	-0.428	0.257	-0.578	0.075	2
III-S	4.105	-0.590	0.468	0.522	2.126	1
IV-L	-0.481	0.929	-0.686	0.112	-0.153	4
IV-M	0.190	0.410	0.123	-1.034	0.063	3
IV-S	-1.866	0.200	-0.190	0.629	-0.863	6

处理 Treatment	E_T (mm)		合计 Total (mm)	平均土壤含水率 Average soil water content (%)		产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	排序 Ranking	W_WUE (kg·m^-3)
处理 Treatment	III期 Stage III	IV期 Stage IV	合计 Total (mm)	III期 Stage III	IV期 Stage IV	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	排序 Ranking	W_WUE (kg·m^-3)
FI	183.02	116.15	299.17	14.9	14.8	27066.67	3	9.05
III-L	144.02	109.92	253.94	13.1	14.6	22044.44	5	8.68
III-M	49.64	115.36	165.00	11.7	14.7	21466.67	6	13.01
III-S	12.92	112.71	125.63	10.4	14.7	19200.00	7	15.28
IV-L	170.38	63.30	233.68	14.7	13.1	31111.11	2	13.31
IV-M	170.09	27.94	198.03	14.8	11.7	33444.44	1	16.89
IV-S	183.17	4.56	187.73	14.7	11.1	24888.89	4	13.26