不同类型肥料及氮素水平对弱筋小麦氮素利用、产量及品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.18.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过探究不同类型肥料对江淮稻茬弱筋小麦的田间性状、氮素吸收与利用、产量及构成因素、加工品质的影响，以期为江淮地区稻茬弱筋小麦量、质协优的肥料类型选择及施用量的调控提供理论依据。【方法】以弱筋小麦扬麦20和白湖麦1号两个品种为供试材料，试验设置3个氮素水平：150 kg·hm^-2（N₁₀）、180 kg·hm^-2（N₁₂）、210 kg·hm^-2（N₁₄），另设不施氮处理（N₀）计算氮效率；4种不同类型肥料：复合肥＋尿素（F₁）、缓释掺混肥（F₂）、控失肥（F₃）、小麦配方肥（F₄），分析不同处理对弱筋小麦群体动态、氮素利用、产量及品质的影响。【结果】随着氮素水平的升高，弱筋小麦的产量和各项品质指标均有改善。一次性基施缓释掺混肥、控失肥和小麦配方肥能够显著提高小麦花后旗叶SPAD值和成熟期穗数；与复合肥+尿素处理相比，地上部氮素积累量分别提高5.0%—12.8%、0.8%—6.2%和9.9%—17.2%；氮素利用率分别提高10.3%—26.9%、4.3%—16.5%和22.1%—39.8%；开花期旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性分别提高2.6%—8.8%、-2.9%—1.5%、5.1%—12.8%；谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性分别提高9.0%—23.8%、2.0%—8.9%、11.8%—28.7%；谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性分别提高3.9%—18.4%、0.8%—8.9%、7.7%—24.0%；产量分别提高5.0%—11.5%、1.8%—7.6%、9.7%—18.4%。在施氮水平为180和210 kg·hm^-2时，缓释掺混肥、控失肥和小麦配方肥较复合肥＋尿素处理产量均有不同程度提高，其中相同氮素水平下，缓释掺混肥和控失肥较复合肥＋尿素处理显著降低籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量，降低籽粒硬度和溶剂保持力，同时减少面团的形成时间和稳定时间，降低吸水率和粉质质量指数，提高弱化度，改善弱筋小麦的加工品质及面团流变学特性。【结论】江淮地区稻茬弱筋小麦种植，适宜将氮素水平控制在180—210 kg·hm^-2，一次性基施缓释掺混肥，能够在保证弱筋小麦品质的同时获得较高的产量。

关键词: 弱筋小麦, 缓释掺混肥, 复合肥, 控失肥, 配方肥, 产量, 氮肥利用率, 加工品质, 流变学特性

Abstract:

【Objective】 This research investigated the effects of different types of fertilizers on the field traits, nitrogen absorption and utilization, yield, yield components, and processing quality of weak-gluten wheat following rice cultivation in the Jiang-Huai region. The goal was to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of optimal fertilizer types and regulation of application rates for achieving high yield and quality of weak-gluten wheat in this region. 【Method】 The two weak-gluten wheat varieties, including Yangmai 20 (YM20) and Baihumai 1 (BHM1), were used as experimental materials. The experiment was set three nitrogen levels: 150 kg·hm^-2 (N₁₀), 180 kg·hm^-2 (N₁₂), and 210 kg·hm^-2 (N₁₄), with an additional nitrogen-free treatment (N₀) to calculate nitrogen efficiency. Four types of fertilizers were applied: compound fertilizer + urea (F₁), slow-release mixed fertilizer (F₂), controlled- release fertilizer (F₃), and wheat formula fertilizer (F₄). The effects of different treatments on wheat population dynamics, nitrogen utilization, yield, and quality were analyzed. 【Result】As nitrogen application levels increased, the yield and quality indicators of weak-gluten wheat improved. The one-time basal application of slow-release mixed fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and wheat formula fertilizer significantly increased the SPAD value of the flag leaf after anthesis and the number of spikes at maturity. Compared with the compound fertilizer+urea treatment, the nitrogen accumulation in the above-ground parts under slow-release mixed fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and wheat formula fertilizer was increased by 5.0%-12.8%, 0.8%-6.2%, and 9.9%-17.2%, respectively; the nitrogen utilization efficiency increased by 10.3%-26.9%, 4.3%-16.5%, and 22.1%-39.8%, respectively; during anthesis, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) in the flag leaf increased by 2.6%-8.8%, -2.9%-1.5%, and 5.1%-12.8%; glutamine synthetase (GS) activity increased by 9.0%-23.8%, 2.0%-8.9%, and 11.8%-28.7%; and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity increased by 3.9%-18.4%, 0.8%-8.9%, and 7.7%-24.0%; yield increased by 5.0%-11.5%, 1.8%-7.6%, and 9.7%-18.4%, respectively. At nitrogen levels of 180 and 210 kg·hm^-2, slow-release mixed fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and wheat formula fertilizer all resulted in varying degrees of yield improvement compared with the compound fertilizer+urea treatment. At the same nitrogen levels, slow-release mixed fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer significantly reduced grain protein content, wet gluten content, grain hardness, and solvent retention capacity compared with the compound fertilizer + urea treatment. They also reduced dough formation time and stability time, lowered water absorption rate, and the farinograph quality number. These treatments also enhanced the dough rheological properties and weakened the gluten strength. 【Conclusion】For weak-gluten wheat cultivation following rice in the Jiang-Huai region, it was recommended to control the nitrogen level at 180-210 kg·hm^-2. A one-time basal application of slow-release mixed fertilizer could ensure both high quality and high yield of weak-gluten wheat.

Key words: weak gluten wheat, slow-release mixed fertilizer, compound fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, wheat formula fertilizer, yield, nitrogen utilization, processing quality, rheological properties

李子洪, 赵佳雯, 欧星雨, 李旭华, 丁小飞, 王伊朗, 黄正来, 马尚宇, 樊永惠, 张文静. 不同类型肥料及氮素水平对弱筋小麦氮素利用、产量及品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(18): 3690-3709.

LI ZiHong, ZHAO JiaWen, OU XingYu, LI XuHua, DING XiaoFei, WANG YiLang, HUANG ZhengLai, MA ShangYu, FAN YongHui, ZHANG WenJing. Effects of Different Types of Fertilizers and Nitrogen Levels on Nitrogen Utilization, Yield and Quality of Weak Gluten Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(18): 3690-3709.

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年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali hydrolysable N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	酸碱度 pH
2022-2023	28.80	1.04	103.22	40.36	100.72	5.43
2023-2024	29.15	0.92	107.30	43.61	106.88	5.35

处理 Treatment	肥料类型及配比 Fertilizer type and ratio	肥料施用量 Fertilizer application amount (kg·hm^-2)		纯氮 N (kg·hm^-2)	纯磷 P (kg·hm^-2)	纯钾 K (kg·hm^-2)
N₁₀F₁	复合肥+尿素 Traditional compound fertilizer + urea (17-17-17) (46-0-0)	复合肥Compound	尿素Urea	150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₁		617.65	97.83	150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₁		741.18	117.39	180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₁		864.71	136.96	210.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₂	缓释掺混肥 Slow-release mixed fertilizer (20-10-15)	750.00		150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₂		900.00		180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₂		1050.00		210.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₃	控失肥 Controlled-release fertilizer (24-12-7)	625.00		150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₃		750.00		180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₃		875.00		210.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₀F₄	小麦配方肥 Wheat formula fertilizer (25-13-7)	600.00		150.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₂F₄		720.00		180.00	147.00	157.50
N₁₄F₄		840.00		210.00	147.00	157.50

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	白湖麦1号 BHM 1				扬麦20 YM 20
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数Grain per spike	千粒重 1000-kemel weight(g)	产量Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗数Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain per spike	千粒重 1000-kemel weight(g)	产量Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)
2022-2023	施氮水平 N level	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types 施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	*	**	NS	**	NS	**	*	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types 施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
2023-2024	施氮水平 N level	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	**	NS	**
	肥料种类Fertilizer types施氮水平×肥料种类 N×F	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
白湖麦1号 BHM1	N₁₀F₁	439.35d	39.54c	38.38ab	6668.54d
	N₁₀F₂	464.14bcd	40.71abc	38.25b	7218.52cd
	N₁₀F₃	456.11cd	40.32abc	38.56ab	7104.55cd
	N₁₀F₄	468.28abcd	41.95ab	38.42ab	7543.60bc
	N₁₂F₁	456.62cd	39.99bc	38.48ab	7023.55cd
	N₁₂F₂	494.22abc	40.55abc	38.32ab	7677.11bc
	N₁₂F₃	470.86abcd	40.61abc	39.03ab	7459.04bc
	N₁₂F₄	496.57abc	42.07ab	38.62ab	8065.19ab
	N₁₄F₁	462.45b-d	40.13bc	38.60ab	7157.85cd
	N₁₄F₂	500.78ab	41.12abc	38.76ab	7977.96ab
	N₁₄F₃	480.18abcd	41.68abc	38.50ab	7704.45bc
	N₁₄F₄	507.43a	42.38a	39.43a	8477.79a
扬麦20 YM20	N₁₀F₁	458.85ab	37.97d	38.20abc	6648.39e
	N₁₀F₂	462.43ab	40.37abc	37.48c	6978.85cde
	N₁₀F₃	445.12b	40.46abc	37.68bc	6786.07de
	N₁₀F₄	462.52ab	40.84ab	38.63abc	7293.37bcde
	N₁₂F₁	475.29ab	38.61cd	38.44abc	7061.54cde
	N₁₂F₂	478.36ab	40.92ab	38.03abc	7450.44bcd
	N₁₂F₃	464.16ab	41.10ab	38.06abc	7253.29bcde
	N₁₂F₄	484.84ab	41.37a	39.04a	7822.50ab
	N₁₄F₁	491.49ab	39.20bcd	38.85ab	7480.28bc
	N₁₄F₂	494.59a	41.29a	38.53abc	7867.66ab
	N₁₄F₃	475.93ab	41.32a	38.87ab	7641.28bc
	N₁₄F₄	507.38a	41.87a	39.14a	8315.69a

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
白湖麦1号BHM1	N₁₀F₁	437.60e	37.67cd	36.71d	6055.45g
	N₁₀F₂	463.35c	38.44bcd	37.52cd	6681.75ef
	N₁₀F₃	448.27cde	37.56d	37.54cd	6321.06fg
	N₁₀F₄	460.19cd	38.45bcd	37.94bcd	6713.51ef
	N₁₂F₁	445.11de	40.00abcd	38.62abc	6864.83def
	N₁₂F₂	460.86cd	41.33ab	38.20abcd	7274.20cde
	N₁₂F₃	452.86cde	40.67ab	38.13bcd	7027.58de
	N₁₂F₄	483.19b	41.56a	38.91abc	7811.13abc
	N₁₄F₁	456.36cd	40.39abcd	38.94abc	7177.03de
	N₁₄F₂	485.44b	41.56a	39.35ab	7934.85ab
	N₁₄F₃	463.69c	40.58abc	39.30ab	7399.86bcd
	N₁₄F₄	503.61a	41.67a	39.86a	8362.78a
扬麦20 YM20	N₁₀F₁	430.97e	36.56d	39.85bc	6277.88f
	N₁₀F₂	442.56cde	39.89abc	38.62d	6823.29def
	N₁₀F₃	431.25e	38.61cd	39.48cd	6572.72ef
	N₁₀F₄	448.04abcde	39.83abc	40.01bc	7132.43cde
	N₁₂F₁	432.23e	39.44bc	40.62bc	6930.52def
	N₁₂F₂	444.55bcde	41.33ab	39.79bc	7310.64bccd
	N₁₂F₃	439.27de	40.67abc	39.84bc	7120.63cde
	N₁₂F₄	457.12abcd	41.00abc	40.91ab	7665.10abc
	N₁₄F₁	447.98abcde	40.11abc	40.90ab	7352.96bcd
	N₁₄F₂	466.14ab	41.78ab	40.16bc	7827.38ab
	N₁₄F₃	462.04abc	40.83abc	40.51bc	7647.15abc
	N₁₄F₄	467.98a	42.39a	41.81a	8290.91a