干湿交替灌溉对籼粳杂交稻产量与水分利用效率的影响及其生理基础

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探明干湿交替灌溉对籼粳杂交稻产量与水分利用效率的影响及其生理基础。【方法】试验于2017—2018年在中国水稻研究所富阳基地皇天畈试验农场进行。以2个新选育的超高产籼粳杂交稻品种甬优1540和春优927以及2个当地高产粳型杂交稻品种常优5号和嘉优5号为材料,开展大田试验。自移栽后7 d至成熟期设置2种灌溉模式,分别为常规灌溉（CI）和干湿交替灌溉（AWD）。研究AWD对籼粳杂交稻品种产量形成以及水分利用效率的影响及其生理基础。【结果】与CI模式相比,AWD模式显著降低了2个当地高产粳型杂交稻品种的产量,降幅为12.3%—12.8%,但2个籼粳杂交稻品种的产量在2种灌溉模式间没有显著差异;AWD模式显著提高了4个供试水稻品种的水分利用效率,其中当地高产粳型杂交稻品种的增幅为5.9%—8.3%,籼粳杂交稻品种的增幅为13.7%—16.8%。与当地高产粳型杂交稻相比,籼粳杂交稻品种在AWD模式下获得相对较高的产量以及水分利用效率主要得益于其强大的分蘖发生能力、较高的群体颖花量和结实率、齐穗至成熟期较高的光合势与作物生长速率、齐穗后2次土壤落干期与复水期较高的根系氧化力、剑叶净光合速率以及籽粒中较高的蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性。【结论】与当地高产粳型杂交稻品种相比,籼粳杂交稻品种在AWD模式下可获得更高的产量与水分利用效率;较好的根系性能（齐穗后2次土壤落干期与复水期较高的根系氧化力）和地上部植株较强的生理活性（齐穗至成熟期较高的光合势、作物生长速率、齐穗后2次土壤落干期与复水期较高的剑叶净光合速率以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性）是其在AWD模式下获得高产与水分高效利用的重要生理基础。

关键词: 水稻, 干湿交替灌溉, 籼粳杂交稻, 产量, 水分利用效率, 生理基础

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to understand the yield formation characteristics and water use efficiency (WUE) of indica/japonica hybrid rice (IJHR) cultivar and their physiological bases under alternate wetting and soil drying (AWD) regime.【Method】The field experiment was conducted at Huangtianfan Experimental Farm which belonged to China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, Southeast China, in 2018 and 2019. Two newly-bred IJHR cultivars, Yongyou 1540 and Chunyou 927, and two local high-yielding japonica hybrid rice (JHR) cultivars, Changyou 5 and Jiayou 5, were field grown. Two irrigation regimes, conventional irrigation (CI) and AWD, were imposed from 7 days after transplanting to maturity. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of AWD on the grain yield and WUE of IJHR and its physiological bases. 【Result】Compared with those under CI regime, the grain yields of JHR cultivars were significantly decreased by 12.3%-12.8% under AWD regime, whereas the difference in grain yields of IJHR cultivars was not significant between CI and AWD regimes. Compared with the CI regime, AWD significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water and significantly increased WUE by 5.9%-8.3% and 13.7%-16.8% in JHR and IJHR cultivars, respectively. In comparison with JHR cultivars, IJHR cultivars showed greater tillering capacity, larger sink size and higher grain filling rate, higher leaf area duration and crop growth rate from heading to maturity, higher root oxidation activity, leaf photosynthetic rates, and activities of sucrose synthase and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase in grains at the first and second soil drying periods as well as re-watering periods after heading.【Conclusion】IJHR cultivars could obtain higher grain yields and higher WUE than JHR cultivars under AWD regime. Stronger physiological activities of root, including higher root oxidation activity at the first and second soil drying periods as well as re-watering periods after heading, and above ground plants, including higher leaf area duration, crop growth rate from heading to maturity, greater leaf photosynthetic rates, and activities of sucrose synthase and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase in grains at the first and second soil drying periods as well as re-watering periods after heading, contributed to their better yield performance and higher WUE of IJHR cultivars under AWD regime.

Key words: rice, alternate wetting and soil drying, indica-japonica hybrid rice, grain yield, water use efficiency, physiological bases

褚光,徐冉,陈松,徐春梅,王丹英,章秀福. 干湿交替灌溉对籼粳杂交稻产量与水分利用效率的影响及其生理基础[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1499-1511.

CHU Guang,XU Ran,CHEN Song,XU ChunMei,WANG DanYing,ZHANG XiuFu. Effects of Alternate Wetting and Soil Drying on the Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice and Its Physiological Bases[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1499-1511.

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年份/气象条件 Year/ Meteorological condition	六月 June	七月 July	八月 August	九月 September	十月 October
2017
降雨量 Precipitation (mm)	112	218	164	72	62
日照时长 Sunshine (h)	98	220	208	185	157
平均气温 Temperature (℃)	26.5	28.6	28.5	26.8	22.5
2018
降雨量 Precipitation (mm)	71	182	151	84	77
日照时长 Sunshine (h)	118	241	185	178	164
平均气温 Temperature (℃)	26.8	28.9	28.1	26.5	22.8

方差分析 Analysis of variance	产量 Grian yield	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency	茎蘖成穗率 Percentage of productive tillers	作物生长速率 Crop growth rate	光合势 Leaf area duration	根系氧化力 Root oxidation activity	剑叶净光合速率 Flag leaf photosynthetic rate	蔗糖合酶 SuSase	腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 AGPase
年份 Year	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
年份×品种 Year ×Cultivar	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
年份×处理 Year ×Treatment	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	稻谷产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)	穗数 Number of panicles (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	总颖花量 Total spikelets (×10³ m^-2)	结实率 Filled grains (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
甬优1540 YY-1540	CI	11.5a	202c	326a	65.7a	79.2c	23.0c
甬优1540 YY-1540	AWD	11.4a	198c	304b	59.9b	84.5b	23.3c
春优927 CY-927	CI	11.6a	189d	311b	58.8b	84.2b	24.7b
春优927 CY-927	AWD	11.5a	186d	287c	53.2c	89.6a	25.0b
常优5号 CY-5	CI	10.1b	251a	186e	46.7d	84.4b	26.8a
常优5号 CY-5	AWD	8.86c	240b	169f	40.4e	85.3b	26.8a
嘉优5号 JY-5	CI	9.82b	248a	198d	48.9d	80.7c	25.8b
嘉优5号 JY-5	AWD	8.56c	235b	181e	42.3e	81.9c	25.9b
方差分析 ANOVA
品种 Cultivar (C)		**	**	**	**	**	**
处理 Treatment (T)		**	**	**	**	**	NS
品种×处理 C×T		**	*	*	*	**	*

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	茎蘖数 Number of tillers and mail stems (m^-2)			茎蘖成穗率 Percentage of productive tillers (%)
品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	茎蘖成穗率 Percentage of productive tillers (%)
甬优1540 YY-1540	CI	281c	208c	202c	71.7b
甬优1540 YY-1540	AWD	258d	207c	198c	76.2a
春优927 CY-927	CI	260d	198d	189d	72.7b
春优927 CY-927	AWD	239e	197d	186d	77.5a
常优5号 CY-5	CI	360a	259a	251a	70.4b
常优5号 CY-5	AWD	315b	245b	240b	76.1a
嘉优5号 JY-5	CI	357a	255a	248a	69.4b
嘉优5号 JY-5	AWD	309b	241b	235b	75.9a
方差分析 ANOVA
品种 Cultivar (C)		**	**	**	NS
处理 Treatment (T)		**	**	**	**
品种×处理 C×T		**	*	*	NS

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	叶面积指数 LAI (m²·m^-2)			光合势 LAD (m²·m^-2·d)
品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	拔节前 Before Jointing	拔节-齐穗 Jointing-Heading	齐穗-成熟 Heading-Maturity
甬优1540 YY-1540	CI	4.67a	7.87a	1.85a	103a	251a	243a
甬优1540 YY-1540	AWD	3.71b	7.58a	1.80a	84.2b	226b	235a
春优927 CY-927	CI	4.88a	7.92a	1.91a	108a	256a	246a
春优927 CY-927	AWD	3.87b	7.63a	1.88a	87.4b	220bc	238a
常优5号 CY-5	CI	3.52b	7.01b	1.14b	80.4b	211c	204b
常优5号 CY-5	AWD	2.30c	5.56c	0.77c	56.0c	157d	158c
嘉优5号 JY-5	CI	3.68b	6.97b	1.12b	83.6b	213c	202b
嘉优5号 JY-5	AWD	2.12c	5.48c	0.71c	52.4c	152d	155c
方差分析 ANOVA
品种 Cultivar (C)		**	**	**	**	**	**
处理 Treatment (T)		**	**	**	**	*	**
品种×处理 C×T		*	**	*	**	*	*