播期对湖南省双季稻产量和光热资源利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.01.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨有利于湖南省双季稻产量和资源利用效率的最佳播期，通过对比不同播期对早晚稻产量和光热资源效率的影响，分析不同熟型双季稻对播期响应的敏感性。【方法】以双季稻主产区湖南省通过审定的主推双季稻品种为试验材料，于2018年至2019年早晚稻各设置3个播期进行大田试验，通过测定分析生育期、产量和产量构成因子、气象资料，比较不同播期下各品种的产量和光热资源利用效率的差异。【结果】随着播期推迟，早晚稻通过缩短播种—始穗阶段的天数使生育期缩短，早稻产量呈增加的趋势，对中熟早稻和迟熟早稻产量影响不显著，晚稻产量呈下降的趋势，迟熟晚稻对播期推迟的响应比中熟晚稻快；2018年随着播期推迟早稻的热能利用率分别下降2.73%、4.45%，光能利用率分别下降1.28%、-1.77%，晚稻的热能利用率分别下降-2.64%、8.15%，光能利用率分别下降-2.14%、13.25%；2019年随着播期推迟早稻的热能利用率分别增加0.36%、10.36%，光能利用率分别增加1.53%、12.52%，晚稻的热能利用率分别下降-0.72%、6.09%，光能利用率分别下降0.58%、6.21%。【结论】播期对双季稻光、热资源利用效率影响显著，早稻播期宜适当推迟、晚稻播期适当提前有利于光热资源效率的提高，双季稻周年以早稻第Ⅱ播期+晚稻第Ⅱ播期组合的综合效率较高，品种搭配以迟熟早稻和中熟晚稻组合的综合效益较高。

关键词: 播期, 双季稻, 产量, 光能利用效率, 热能利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】By comparing the effects of different sowing dates on yield of double cropping rice and utilization efficiency of light and heat energy, and analyzing the sensitivity of different varieties to sowing date and light and heat resource efficiency, the best sowing date was investigated, which was conducive to double-cropping rice yield and resource utilization efficiency in Hunan province. 【Method】Using the main double-cropping rice varieties approved in Hunan province, the main double-cropping rice producing area, as the test materials, three sowing dates for early and late rice were set up for field experiments from 2018 to 2019. The rice growth period, yield and yield components as well as meteorological data were analyzed to compare the yield and the utilization efficiency of light and heat resources of each variety under different sowing dates. 【Result】With the delay of the sowing date, the early and late rice shortened the growth period by shortening the days of the sowing-ear start stage, while the yield of early rice showed an increasing trend. Late-maturing rice responded faster to late sowing than middle-maturing late rice; In 2018, with the delay of sowing date, the heat energy utilization rate of early rice decreased by 2.73% and 4.45% respectively, the light energy utilization rate decreased by 1.28% and -1.77% respectively, the heat energy utilization rate of late rice decreased by -2.64% and 8.15% respectively, and the light energy utilization rate decreased by 2.14% and 13.25% respectively. In 2019, with the postponement of sowing date, the heat energy utilization rate of early rice increased by 0.36% and 10.36% respectively, and the light energy utilization rate increased by 1.53% and 12.52% respectively. The heat energy utilization rate of late rice decreased by -0.72% and 6.09% respectively, and the light energy utilization rate decreased by 0.58% and 6.21% respectively. 【Conclusion】The sowing date had a significant impact on the utilization efficiency of light and heat resources of double-cropping rice. It was appropriate to delay the sowing date of early rice and advance the sowing date of late rice to improve the efficiency of light and heat resources. The comprehensive efficiency of the combination of the second sowing date of early rice+the second sowing date of late rice for double cropping rice is higher, and the combination of late-maturing early rice and medium-maturing late rice combination had higher comprehensive efficiency.

Key words: sowing date, double-cropping rice, yield, light utilization efficiency, heat utilization efficiency

张玮,严玲玲,傅志强,徐莹,郭慧娟,周梦瑶,龙攀. 播期对湖南省双季稻产量和光热资源利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(1): 31-45.

ZHANG Wei,YAN LingLing,FU ZhiQiang,XU Ying,GUO HuiJuan,ZHOU MengYao,LONG Pan. Effects of Sowing Date on Yield of Double Cropping Rice and Utilization Efficiency of Light and Heat Energy in Hunan Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(1): 31-45.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2023/V56/I1/31

图/表 9

图1

表1

2018-2019年供试双季稻品种及基本信息"

	品种名称 Variety	类型 Type	生育期 Growth period (d)	选育单位 Breeding units
中熟早稻 Medium Maturing Early Rice	株两优819 Zhuliangyou819	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	105	湖南亚华种业科学科学院 Hunan Yahua Academy of Seed Science
	陵两优942 Lingliangyou942	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	109	湖南亚华种业科学科学院 Hunan Yahua Academy of Seed Science
	湘早籼45号 Xiangzaoxian45hao	常规稻 Conventional rice	106	益阳农业科学研究所 Yiyang Institute of Agricultural Sciences
	中嘉早17 Zhongjiazao17	常规稻 Conventional rice	114	中国水稻研究所 China National Rice Research Institute
	中早39 Zhongzao39	常规稻 Conventional rice	112	中国水稻研究所 China National Rice Research Institute
迟熟早稻 Late Maturing Early Rice	陵两优4024 Lingliangyou4024	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	117	湖南农业大学 Hunan Agricultural University
	陆两优996 Luliangyou996	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	110	湖南农业大学、湖南亚华种业科学科学院 Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Yahua Academy of Seed Science
	荣优233 Rongyou233	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	114	湖南金稻种业有限公司 Hunan Golden Rice Seed Industry Co., Ltd
	淦鑫203 Ganxin203	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	117	江西现代种业股份有限公司 Jiangxi Modern Seed Industry Co., Ltd
	中早35 Zhongzao35	常规稻 Conventional rice	110	中国水稻研究所 China National Rice Research Institute
中熟晚稻 Medium Maturing Late Rice	桃优香占 Taoyouxiangzhan	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	113	桃源县农业科学研究所 Taoyuan Agricultural Science Research Institute
	H优518 Hyou518	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	108	湖南农业大学 Hunan Agricultural University
	五丰优T025 WufengyouT025	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	112	江西农业大学 Jiangxi Agricultural University
迟熟晚稻 Late Maturing Late Rice	天优华占 Tianyouhuazhan	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	119	中国水稻研究所 China National Rice Research Institute
	泰优390 Taiyou390	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	119	湖南金稻种业有限公司 Hunan Jindao Seed Industry Co., Ltd
	吉优258 Jiyou258	杂交稻 Hybrid rice	-	广州市金粤生物科技有限公司 Guangzhou Jinyue Biotechnology Co., Ltd

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

播期对2018年双季稻品种各阶段的热能利用率和光能利用率的影响"

播期 Sowing date	品种类型 Variety type	播种-始穗有效积温 S-I effective accumulated temperature (℃·d)	始穗-成熟有效积温 I-M effective accumulated temperature (℃·d)	全生育期有效积温 Whole growth period effective accumulated temperature (℃·d)	热能利用率 Production efficiency of accumulated temperature (kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2)	播种-始穗累积太阳辐射量 S-I solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	始穗-成熟累积太阳辐射量 I-M solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	全生育期累积辐射量 Whole growth period solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	光能利用率 Production efficiency of radiation (%)
ER-Ⅰ	MMER	942.47	610.87	1553.35	5.70	1017.50	435.31	1452.81	1.10
	LMER	1001.46	557.22	1558.68	5.67	1074.93	387.55	1462.47	1.08
	平均Average	971.97a	584.04a	1556.01a	5.69a	1046.21a	411.43a	1457.64a	1.09a
ER-Ⅱ	MMER	942.65	568.17	1510.82	5.68	989.64	405.87	1395.51	1.10
	LMER	980.46	577.71	1558.17	5.38	1024.77	408.43	1433.20	1.05
	平均Average	961.55a	572.94a	1534.49a	5.53a	1007.21a	407.15a	1414.36a	1.08a
ER-Ⅲ	MMER	880.21	667.63	1547.84	5.15	866.88	475.16	1342.04	1.07
	LMER	964.63	608.72	1573.36	5.42	943.80	425.46	1369.26	1.12
	平均Average	922.42a	638.18a	1560.60a	5.29a	905.34b	450.31a	1355.65b	1.10a
LR-Ⅰ	MMLR	1504.84	574.88	2079.71	4.49	1029.31	422.82	1452.13	1.16
	LMLR	1583.63	541.61	2125.24	4.59	1077.08	407.97	1485.05	1.18
	平均Average	1544.23a	558.25a	2102.48a	4.54a	1053.20a	415.39a	1468.59a	1.17a
LR-Ⅱ	MMLR	1350.89	569.25	1920.14	4.49	922.90	421.76	1344.66	1.15
	LMLR	1423.17	536.73	1959.90	4.83	968.47	406.57	1375.04	1.24
	平均Average	1387.03b	552.99a	1940.02b	4.66a	945.68b	414.17a	1359.85b	1.20a
LR-Ⅲ	MMLR	1320.12	490.89	1811.01	4.33	929.56	397.84	1327.40	1.06
	LMLR	1395.66	447.82	1843.48	4.23	977.74	413.04	1390.78	1.01
	平均Average	1357.89b	469.36b	1827.24c	4.28a	953.65b	405.44a	1359.09b	1.04b

表7

表8

播期对2019年双季稻品种各阶段的热能利用率和光能利用率的影响"

播期 Sowing date	品种类型 Variety type	播种-始穗有效积温 S-I effective accumulated temperature (℃·d)	始穗-成熟有效积温 I-M effective accumulated temperature (℃·d)	全生育期有效积温 Whole growth period effective accumulated temperature (℃·d)	热能利用率 Production efficiency of accumulated temperature (kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2)	播种-始穗累积太阳辐射量 S-I solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	始穗-成熟累积太阳辐射量 I-M solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	全生育期累积辐射量 Whole growth period solar radiation (MJ·m^-2)	光能利用率 Production efficiency of radiation (%)
ER-Ⅰ	MMER	905.91	493.84	1399.75	5.19	791.05	353.84	1144.90	1.14
	LMER	962.40	512.57	1474.97	4.91	832.30	378.29	1210.59	1.08
	平均Average	934.16a	503.21b	1430.98 b	5.05a	811.68a	366.07b	1177.75a	1.11b
ER-Ⅱ	MMER	893.04	506.05	1399.10	5.19	772.78	362.70	1135.48	1.15
	LMER	943.95	518.91	1462.86	4.95	805.03	380.65	1185.68	1.10
	平均Average	918.50a	512.48b	1437.36b	5.07a	788.91ab	371.67b	1160.58a	1.13b
ER-Ⅲ	MMER	921.17	542.51	1463.67	6.42	755.41	406.28	1161.69	1.46
	LMER	990.19	529.62	1519.81	4.77	800.47	409.67	1210.13	1.08
	平均Average	955.68a	536.06a	1491.74a	5.60a	777.94b	407.98a	1185.91a	1.27a
LR-Ⅰ	MMLR	1539.67	754.83	2294.50	3.96	1343.34	545.67	1889.01	0.86
	LMLR	1602.02	728.51	2330.53	3.93	1406.29	502.63	1908.92	0.86
	平均Average	1570.85a	741.67a	2312.51a	3.94a	1374.82a	524.15a	1898.97a	0.86a
LR-Ⅱ	MMLR	1453.54	742.38	2195.93	4.08	1303.75	526.66	1830.41	0.88
	LMLR	1518.40	709.69	2228.09	3.87	1363.20	481.66	1844.86	0.84
	平均Average	1485.97b	726.04a	2212.01b	3.97a	1333.47a	504.16a	1837.64b	0.86a
LR-Ⅲ	MMLR	1353.26	747.85	2101.11	3.83	1232.11	512.35	1744.46	0.83
	LMLR	1416.35	698.94	2115.29	3.62	1284.26	481.43	1765.69	0.78
	平均Average	1384.81c	723.40a	2108.20c	3.73a	1258.19b	496.89a	1755.07c	0.81a

表8

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变异来源 Source of variation	早稻Early rice				晚稻Late rice
变异来源 Source of variation	生育期Growth Period	产量 Yield	热能利用率Production efficiency of accumulated temperature	光能利用率Production efficiency of radiation	生育期Growth Period	产量 Yield	热能利用率Production efficiency of accumulated temperature	光能利用率Production efficiency of radiation
品种Variety	—	3.65**	5.52***	4.62***	—	19.98***	20.36***	21.59***
年份Year (Y)	45.189***	18.68***	2.89	7.661**	9.55**	1.11	36.68***	136.46***
播期Sowing date (S)	37.44***	1.59	0.27	3.403*	45.18***	18.42***	3.47*	7.486**
熟型Varity type (V)	7.31**	2.43	5.80*	8.591**	35.46***	0.2	0.03	0.06
年份×播期Y×S	1.54	5.59**	3.55*	2.593	5.73**	0.43	0.16	1.593
年份×熟型 Y×V	1.53	3.90	5.30*	7.666**	4.14	2.32	1.72	0.996
播期×熟型 S×V	0.11	1.34	1.11	1.812	0.07	0.57	0.47	0.871
年份×播期×熟型Y×S ×V	0.24	5.27**	4.05*	5.566**	0.15	0.43	0.48	0.588

播期 Sowing date	品种类型 Variety type	播种期（月-日） Sowing (M-D)	始穗期（月-日） Initial heading (M-D)	成熟期（月-日） Maturity (M-D)	播种-始穗期 Sowing-Initial heading	始穗-成熟期 Initial heading - Maturity	生育期 Growth period
ER-Ⅰ	MMER	03-15	06-07	07-10	84.4	33.4	117.8
	LMER	03-15	06-11	07-11	88.2	29.8	118.0
	平均Average	—	—	—	86.3a	31.6a	117.9a
ER-Ⅱ	MMER	03-22	06-08	07-09	78.2	31.0	109.2
	LMER	03-22	06-10	07-11	80.6	31.0	111.6
	平均Average	—	—	—	79.4a	31.0a	110.4b
ER-Ⅲ	MMER	03-29	06-07	07-13	70.2	36.4	106.6
	LMER	03-29	06-12	07-14	75.8	32.0	107.8
	平均Average	—	—	—	73c	34.2a	107.2b
LR-Ⅰ	MMLR	06-18	09-01	10-17	75.7	45.3	121.0
	LMLR	06-18	09-06	10-23	80.0	47.7	127.7
	平均Average	—	—	—	77.8a	46.5a	124.3a
LR-Ⅱ	MMLR	06-28	09-03	10-21	67.3	47.7	115.0
	LMLR	06-28	09-07	10-26	71.7	48.3	120.0
	平均Average	—	—	—	69.5b	48.0a	117.5b
LR-Ⅲ	MMLR	07-08	09-13	10-31	67.7	47.7	115.3
	LMLR	07-08	09-18	11-06	72.3	49.0	121.3
	平均Average	—	—	—	70b	48.3a	118.3b

播期 Sowing date	品种类型 Variety type	播种期（月-日） Sowing (M-D)	始穗期（月-日） Initial heading (M-D)	成熟期（月-日） Maturity (M-D)	播种-始穗期 Sowing-Initial heading	始穗-成熟期 Initial heading - Maturity	生育期 Growth period
ER-Ⅰ	MMER	03-15	06-11	07-11	93.4	24.8	118.2
	LMER	03-15	06-15	07-15	97.4	25.2	122.6
	平均Average	—	—	—	95.4a	25a	120.4a
ER-Ⅱ	MMER	03-22	06-13	07-14	88.2	26.0	114.2
	LMER	03-22	06-17	07-17	91.4	26.2	117.6
	平均Average	—	—	—	89.8b	26.1a	115.9b
ER-Ⅲ	MMER	03-29	06-17	07-19	86.0	26.0	112.0
	LMER	03-29	06-21	07-21	89.8	25.0	114.8
	平均Average	—	—	—	87.9b	25.5a	113.4b
LR-Ⅰ	MMLR	06-18	09-06	10-21	84.7	40.7	125.3
	LMLR	06-18	09-09	10-24	87.7	40.3	128.0
	平均Average	—	—	—	86.2a	40.5a	126.7a
LR-Ⅱ	MMLR	06-25	09-07	10-22	79.7	40.0	119.7
	LMLR	06-25	09-11	10-25	82.7	40.0	122.7
	平均Average	—	—	—	81.2b	40.0a	121.2b
LR-Ⅲ	MMLR	07-02	09-09	10-24	73.3	41.3	114.7
	LMLR	07-02	09-12	10-27	76.3	41.3	117.7
	平均Average	—	—	—	74.8c	41.3a	116.2c

播期 Sowing date	品种类型 Variety type	有效穗 Effective panicle (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗总粒数 Grains per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
ER-Ⅰ	MMER	413.29	145.55	84.78	26.74	8857.14
	LMER	375.72	126.26	84.05	28.76	8757.71
	平均Average	394.51a	135.90a	84.41a	27.75a	8807.43a
ER-Ⅱ	MMER	408.44	136.32	87.58	26.88	8533.71
	LMER	387.84	118.99	84.10	28.94	8336.00
	平均Average	398.14a	127.65a	85.84a	27.91a	8434.86a
ER-Ⅲ	MMER	375.11	153.85	83.69	26.62	7982.86
	LMER	381.17	142.98	84.25	28.62	8538.29
	平均Average	378.14a	148.42a	83.97a	27.62a	8260.57a
LR-Ⅰ	MMLR	575.70	107.50	27.00	0.96	9329.33
	LMLR	329.93	127.21	25.53	0.96	9762.74
	平均Average	452.82a	117.36a	26.27a	0.97a	9546.04a
LR-Ⅱ	MMLR	528.57	125.72	26.10	0.96	8627.45
	LMLR	377.07	125.18	25.50	0.97	9461.57
	平均Average	452.82a	125.45a	25.80a	0.97a	9044.51a
LR-Ⅲ	MMLR	356.87	94.07	27.70	0.94	7841.57
	LMLR	323.20	119.19	25.87	0.95	7799.33
	平均Average	340.03a	106.63a	26.78a	0.94b	7820.45b

播期 Sowing date	品种类型 Variety type	有效穗 Effective panicle (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗总粒数 Grains per panicle	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
ER-Ⅰ	MMER	299.94	104.55	91.37	26.51	7270.87
	LMER	273.25	102.13	93.27	29.19	7245.50
	平均Average	271.69b	108.04b	92.67a	27.96a	7258.19b
ER-Ⅱ	MMER	243.62	99.91	93.67	25.84	7255.39
	LMER	238.91	106.05	93.55	28.75	7659.59
	平均Average	232.76b	108.43b	93.66a	27.50a	7457.49b
ER-Ⅲ	MMER	395.43	125.20	91.20	25.66	9396.27
	LMER	340.83	144.11	89.53	28.03	9175.51
	平均Average	348.36a	138.91a	90.41b	27.05a	9285.90a
LR-Ⅰ	MMLR	469.65	139.07	93.58	24.52	9081.52
	LMLR	464.26	159.87	92.70	23.81	9149.60
	平均Average	466.96a	149.47a	93.14a	24.16a	9115.56a
LR-Ⅱ	MMLR	509.04	135.18	92.47	25.96	8954.51
	LMLR	483.12	133.24	91.96	24.76	8614.11
	平均Average	496.08a	134.21a	92.22a	25.36a	8784.31a
LR-Ⅲ	MMLR	428.91	122.16	93.56	25.75	8052.88
	LMLR	417.13	135.07	90.91	25.05	7656.41
	平均Average	423.02a	128.62a	92.24a	25.40a	7854.65b